甜高粱在青海高原不同海拔生态区的适应性研究

2010-2011年在青海高原不同海拔生态区对甜高粱进行品种适应性研究,结果显示,海拔对生育期、茎秆高度、单株鲜重、叶片数、茎叶产量、糖锤度有极显著影响。海拔1 850 m鲜重产量111 127～139 840 kg/hm²,籽粒成熟,产量4 154～7 609 kg/hm²;海拔1 990 m鲜重产量96 156～139 496 kg/hm²;海拔2 100 m鲜重产量70 124～109 596 kg/hm²,早熟品种籽粒能成熟;海拔2 300 m鲜重产量71 528～102 690 kg/hm²,晚熟品种不能抽穗;海拔2 500 m鲜重产量41 340～61 034 kg/hm²,早熟品种能进入抽穗期。茎秆糖锤度海拔2 300 m以下地区除晚熟品种较低外,可达15%以上,海拔2 500 m茎秆糖锤度只有6.52%～9.28%。九甜杂三品种综合表现突出,鲜重产量61 033.5～125 439.0 kg/hm²,糖锤度9.28%～19.61%。海拔1 850 m籽粒产量7 461 kg/hm²,是推广种植的首选品种;吉甜5号、超级放牧者综合表现良好,可为候选品种。     

甜高粱茎节锤度与茎秆平均锤度的关系研究

为了解甜高粱茎秆中糖分积累规律,研究甜高粱自基部至顶部各茎节间锤度关系及各茎节锤度与主茎秆平均锤度的关系,以示范推广品种MNS-1、MNS-2为材料,测量了不同时期甜高粱的茎秆锤度值;采用相关等分析方法对各茎节间锤度及与主茎秆平均锤度的关系进行分析.结果表明甜高粱早熟品种和晚熟品种进入同一生育时期,两种类型甜高粱茎秆锤度的变化趋势一致,但其锤度值不一,晚熟品种的锤度显著高于早熟品种,其锤度均在收获期达到最高值.甜高梁茎秆不同茎节之间的锤度有明显的差异,自基部至顶部各节段的锤度呈现出低-高-低的变化趋势,基部起第9、10、11节的汁液含糖锤度最高,平均值分别为17.5、17.6、17.4,第2节最低,平均值为11.1,全株混合平均锤度为15.1.第12节的锤度对茎秆混合锤度有最大的正直接效应,第13、6、5、9茎节的锤度对茎秆混合锤度也有较高的正直接效应,第2、8节的锤度对茎秆混合锤度的正直接效应较小,第5、6节对主茎杆锤度有负的间接作用.     

Evaluation of the juice brix of wild sugarcanes (Saccharum spontaneum) indigenous to Japan

Modern sugarcane cultivars are derived from the interspecific crossing between Saccharum officinarum and wild sugarcane, Saccharum spontaneum. The introgression of valuable characteristics from wild sugarcane is recognized as extremely important, but this process typically requires long-term effort over multiple generations of backcrosses owing to the low sugar content of the initial interspecific hybrids. In this study, we aimed to identify Japanese wild sugarcanes with high juice brix in order to promote effective interspecific crossing of sugarcane. Sixty-four accessions from the Nansei Islands and 70 accessions from the Honshu were evaluated for juice brix. Wild sugarcanes with high juice brix were demonstrated to exist among wild sugarcanes indigenous to the Honshu. A significant difference was observed between the median juice brix values of wild sugarcanes of the Nansei Islands and those of the Honshu. The relationship between juice brix and stem traits was then examined in 20 wild sugarcanes, 10 each from the Nansei Islands and the Honshu. The reproducibility of juice brix value in both experiments was confirmed. In contrast to juice brix, stem traits, such as length, diameter, and volume, were typically smaller in wild sugarcanes from the Honshu. Moreover, a negative correlation was observed between the index of stem volume and juice brix. In this study, we identified outstanding wild sugarcanes with high juice brix. Using germplasms from the identified wild sugarcanes in interspecific crossing could contribute to the increases in both yield and sugar content.     

A3、A4细胞质对甜高粱产量及其重要性状的影响

高粱杂种优势利用是以细胞质雄性不育为前提,通过利用细胞质雄性不育的“三系”配套而实现的,也是不育化育种以及杂种优势利用的主要途径。试验对可诱导高粱雄性不育的细胞质A1、A2、A3、A4开展甜高粱细胞质雄性不育研究,对于提高杂交高粱产量、品质、种子纯度,拓宽种质资源利用范围,实现异质高粱杂交种在生产中的应用提供一定的依据。     

密度及氮、磷、钾配比对甜高粱生物产量和茎秆含糖锤度的影响

试验在沈阳进行,土壤为草甸土。采用4因素5水平二次回归通用旋转组合设计,研究了当前生产上有代表性的甜高粱品种辽甜1号的种植密度、氮肥、磷肥和钾肥对生物产量和茎秆含糖锤度的影响,并通过模拟寻优,确定最优化措施方案。结果表明：4因子与生物产量和含糖锤度均存在显著的回归关系,对产量的影响效应为：N〉密度〉K〉P,密度和N、P和K互作对产量的影响效应较大,对含糖锤度的影响效应为N〉K〉P〉密度。4因子均在0水平时,即密度为75 000株/hm2,施N 150kg/hm2,施P2O5138kg/hm2,施K2O 60kg/hm2时为最佳栽培方案,最高生物产量可达112.70t/hm2,茎秆平均含糖锤度可达18.41%。     

甘蔗生产模型初探——以糖分动态分析为例

通过计算机系统建立甘蔗生产模型从而快速掌握甘蔗的糖分动态,对优化管理甘蔗生产具有现实意义。本文对3个品种、3个播种期的甘蔗植株进行6次锤度取样,并对试验数据进行了统计分析。结果表明,同一品种不同播种期的甘蔗植株,其糖分大体上都是随株龄的增长而升高;而同一播种期不同品种的甘蔗植株,其糖分的变化主要是由品种的遗传性决定的。     

Selenium accumulation in a rapid‐cycling Brassica oleracea population responds to increasing sodium seienate concentrations

Because of their short life cycle, rapid‐cycling base populations (RCBP) of Brassica can act as model systems for investigating selenium (Se) metabolism in high sulfur (S) accumulating plants. To establish treatment responses for a B. oleracea RCBP, plants were grown in nutrient solutions containing 0, 3, 6, and 9 mg sodium seienate (Na₂SeO₄) L^‐1. Depletion of Se from nutrient solutions increased linearly with in‐creasing Na₂SeO₄ concentrations. Selenium accumulation ranged from 551 to 1,916 μg Se g^‐1 dry weight for leaf tissue, 267 to 1,165 μg Se g^‐1 dry weight for stem tissue, and 338 to 1,636 μg Se g^‐1 dry weight for root tissue. Selenium additions also resulted in linear increases in S accumulation in leaves and stems. Selenium supplementation has been shown to improve the health of individuals with low Se status. Because Brassica species are important vegetable and forage crops, their enrichment with Se maybe a good delivery system for mammalian diets.     

高粱不同节间含糖量研究

[目的]筛选新的高粱种源,扩大遗传基础,为甜高粱育种提供理论依据。[方法]采用19个粒用高粱和20个甜高粱作为研究材料,对高粱茎秆糖分的积累规律进行研究。[结果]甜高粱和粒用高粱在含糖量上有明显差别,甜高粱含糖量的积累起点及茎秆含糖量均高于粒用高粱,但二者的糖分积累总趋势是一致的,其含糖量随节位由基部到顶部的变化趋势均有4种类型,并都以低-高-低的变化占多数。[结论]为选育甜秆型高粱杂交种,提高甜高粱品种的抗倒性、抗病性等性状提供了参考。     

甜高粱茎秆不同方式贮存效果的研究

[目的和方法]以新高粱3号、4号为材料,采用直立、去叶去穗直立、平放、截成短秆捆扎堆放为一层、二层、三层、四层、五层、金字塔型八种贮藏方式,对其166 d贮藏期间的重量、锤度、温度、发霉程度等性状进行研究.[结果]新高粱3号、4号直立贮存、去叶去穗直立贮存、平放贮存效果较好,重量减少幅度较少,锤度增加较多,新高粱3号重量分别减少为41.6;、50.5;、65.6;,锤度分别增加18.1;、29.4;、13.4;,新高粱4号重量分别减少为68.8;、69.3;、72.2;,锤度分别增加42.7;、23.1;、29.5;,操作简单易行,而且基本无发霉.[结论]同一品种不同贮藏方式性状变化不同,不同品种同一贮藏方式各性状也表现不同,甜高粱在近半年的贮存过程中,茎秆重量呈减少趋势,含糖锤度呈增加趋势,不同贮存方式重量减少幅度和锤度增加幅度不同.     

Genetic improvement of processing tomatoes: A 20 years perspective

Over the past 20 years replicated field trials have been conducted on processing tomato varieties by the California Tomato Research Institute and the Israeli Ministry of Agriculture with the objective of identifying superior varieties. Because common check varieties were included in consecutive years, environmental effects could be factored out allowing an estimate of the genetic improvement due to breeding. The results indicate an average genetic gain for yield of 1.54%/yr for California and of 0.4%/yr for Israel. No significant genetic gain in brix was found for California, whereas for Israel, the data indicate an average increase of 0.53%/yr. For the derived trait brix × yield, the overall genetic gain ranged from 0.9%/yr in Israel to 1.5%/yr in California. A significant genetic gain of 1.15%/yr was determined for fruit color in California for the period 1977–87 and of 2.73%/yr for Israel during the years 1985–1995. The improvement in yield is partially due to the increase in the proportion of hybrids in the trials starting from the mid 1980's. The implications of the results for future tomato breeding are discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.