枝状管网水力瞬变工况的试验与数值模拟

采用试验并结合特征线法(MOC)对带有一个分支管管网阀门关闭时产生的水锤压力及波动规律进行了研究,试验采用压力传感器监测水锤压力波动、角位移传感器测定阀门的关闭时间及关闭规律,结果表明:MOC方法能较好地预测管网阀门关闭产生的最大水锤压力值,管网监测点计算与试验值相对误差小于13％,但MOC方法计算所得压力波的衰减比较缓慢,而试验得到的压力波衰减很快,是由于在计算中使用的恒定流摩阻所致;在此基础上对5种阀门关闭方案产生的瞬变流动进行了数值计算,表明管路末端2个阀门同时关闭时管网中产生的水锤压力最大,在实际工程中应避免阀门同时关闭的操作;管网最大水锤压力随关阀时间的延长而减小,当阀门关闭时间一定时,采用曲线关闭规律产生的最大水锤压力比直线关闭规律产生的要小,而采用两阶段直线关闭规律产生的最大水锤压力压力小于线性关闭的,对于实际工况中的两阶段关闭应通过延长第一阶段关闭时间以减小最大水锤压力．     

Effects of deficit irrigation with saline water on spring wheat growth and yield in arid Northwest China

Field experiments were conducted in 2008 and 2009 to study the effects of deficit irrigation with saline water on spring wheat growth and yield in an arid region of Northwest China. Nine treatments included three salinity levels s1, s2 and s3 (0.65, 3.2, and 6.1 dS/m) in combination with three water levels w1, w2 and w3 (375, 300, and 225 mm). In 2008, for most treatments, deficit irrigation showed adverse effects on wheat growth; meanwhile, the effect of saline irrigation was not apparent. In 2009, growth parameters of w1 treatments were not always optimal under saline irrigation. At 3.2 and 6.1 dS/m in 2008, the highest yield was obtained by w1 treatments, however, in 2009, the weight of 1,000 grains and wheat yield both followed the order w2 > w1 > w3. In this study, spring wheat was sensitive to water deficit, especially at the booting to grain-filling stages, but was not significantly affected by saline irrigation and the combination of the two factors. The results demonstrated that 300-mm irrigation water with a salinity of less than 3.2 dS/m is suitable for wheat fields in the study area.     

Measuring cotton water status using water-related vegetation indices at leaf and canopy levels

Drought is one of the major environmental threats in the world. In recent years, the damage from droughts to the environment and economies of some countries has been extensive, and drought monitoring has caused widespread concerns. Remote sensing has a proven ability to provide spatial and temporal measurements of surface properties, and it offers an opportunity for the quantitative assessment of drought indicators such as the vegetation water content at different levels. In this study, sites of cotton field in Shihezi, Xinjiang, Northwest China were sampled. Four classical water content parameters, namely the leaf equivalent water thickness (EWT leaf ), the fuel moisture content (FMC), the canopy equivalent water thickness (EWT canopy ) and vegetation water content (VWC) were evaluated against seven widely-used water-related vegetation indices, namely the NDII (normalized difference infrared index), NDWI 2130 (normalized difference water index), NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index), MSI (moisture stress index), SRWI (simple ratio water index), NDWI 1240 (normalized difference water index) and WI (water index), respectively. The results proved that the relationships between the water-related vegetation indices and EWT leaf were much better than that with FMC, and the relationships between vegetation indices and EWT canopy were better than that with VWC. Furthermore, comparing the significance of all seven water-related vegetation in- dices, WI and NDII proved to be the best candidates for EWT detecting at leaf and canopy levels, with R 2 of 0.262 and 0.306 for EWT leaf-WI and EWT canopy -NDII linear models, respectively. Besides, the prediction power of linear regression technique (LR) and artificial neural network (ANN) were compared using calibration and validation dataset, respectively. The results indicated that the performance of ANN as a predictive tool for water status measuring was as good as LR. The study should further our understanding of the relationships between water-related vegetation indices and water parameters.     

无功补偿新技术及其装置运行管理

为提高配电网功率因数和降低有功损耗,概述无功功率对电网安全运行的影响,在详细介绍无功补偿新技术及其装置运行管理的基础上,提出合理制定电网无功补偿方案的可行性建议。     

不同采样尺度下土壤碱解氮空间变异性研究——以榆树市农田土壤为例

在精准农业的实施过程中,研究如何用较少的样本来反映田间信息的空间变异规律,再用科学的插值方法进行插值和预估是精准农业研究中的一个关键问题。以东北典型黑土区——吉林省榆树市为研究区域,在榆树市弓棚镇13号村内选择相对平整的地块进行土壤采样并测试其土壤养分。在对原始采样格网点按一定的样点间隔和布局进行抽取的基础上,利用克里格插值方法和BP神经网络方法分别进行空间插值,比较不同采样尺度（40m×40m,56m×56m,80m×80m,113m×113m,160m×160m五个尺度）对空间插值精度的影响。结果表明:（1）随着采样尺度的增大,碱解氮的空间结构系数C/（C₀+C）有减小的趋势,表明采样间距以内的不可估计误差逐渐增大,其空间结构的表现能力在逐渐减弱;（2）Kriging插值精度总体优于BP神经网络,随着采样尺度的增加,两种模型的模拟精度都有所下降,BP神经网路的插值精度和Kriging模型的插值精度的差距逐渐减小;（3）两种模型在113m×113m尺度上插值精度都发生了突变,如考虑碱解氮的空间变异规律和经济因素,碱解氮的最佳采样尺度应在80～113m。     

2011-2015年河南省农业机械总动力的预测

农业机械总动力是衡量农业机械化水平的一项重要指标。对河南省农业机械总动力进行预测,将为农业机械化部门制定合理的发展规划提供一定的理论支持,同时也为农机企业了解未来市场需求状况提供一定的参考。以1991-2010年间的河南省农业机械总动力统计数据为基础,利用BP神经网络建立了河南省农业机械总动力的预测模型。该模型采用3层BP神经网络,输入层、隐含层和输出层的神经元数目分别为5,13和1。隐含层和输出层的激励函数分别为正切型与对数型Sigmoid函数。采用分步预测的思想,利用自适应学习速率训练方法对该网络进行了训练,获得了该模型中各层之间的连接权值和各层神经元的阈值。利用该模型对现有数据进行了仿真预测,结果表明,该模型具有较高的预测精度。在此基础上,对河南省"十二五"期间的农业机械总动力进行了预测,并给出了预测数据。     

农网长距离线路应用串补技术的理论研究与仿真

众所周知,引起线路电压的损失主要由两部分组成:一是线路电阻引起的电压损失;二是线路电抗引起的电压损失。目前,由于农网很多线路送电距离长、导线截面大等原因,导线的电抗远大于线路电阻。因此,研究降低线路电抗上的压降损耗是当前关注的热门课题。为此,针对某农网66kV系统存在因线路长、电抗大而造成沿线各负荷点电压水平低、沿线线路损耗大等问题,对其采用串联补偿技术进行了探讨。经理论分析与软件仿真,证明了该技术用于农网长距离线路改善电压质量的可行性,为提高电能质量、降低线路损耗和保证农网的安全稳定运行提出了一个新的思路。     

水产养殖水质环境无线监测系统设计与实现

针对目前水产养殖环境监测手段及监测设备基础薄弱、相对落后的现状,应用无线传感技术、嵌入式计算技术、微机电技术(MEMS)、分布式信息处理技术及无线通信网络技术于一体的无线传感器网络,为水产养殖环境提供数字化、网络化、智能化的实时动态监测系统。该系统不仅能够对水产养殖环境的主要检测指标(水温、PH值、溶氧量、浊度、氨氮等)进行实时监测,还能够对检测指标进行数据融合和挖掘,以建立水产养殖环境检测指标历史数据库,实现监测数据的本地或远程、实时、动态显示和分析,为水产养殖过程中有效提高水资源利用率、改善养殖环境质量、降低污染物的排放等提供了一种重要技术手段和科学依据。     

基于无线传感器网络的温湿度监测系统设计与实现

给出了以CC2430芯片为核心的环境监测无线传感器网络实现方案.设计中充分考虑到节点的剩余能量、链路质量和节点负载等因素,提出了一种能耗均衡树算法,使网络节点的负载逐渐趋于均衡,解决了因负载分配不均衡,使得网络节点出现过早失效、缩短网络寿命问题.实验表明,算法可均衡节点负载,延长网络的生存时间,实现网络的长效运行.     

基于混合WSN的智能灌溉远程SCADA系统

采用Citect组态软件、无线传感器网络（WSN）、和GPRS模块,开发设计了一套分布式精确灌溉的闭环远程SCADA（Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition）系统。该系统主要由上位机、灌溉监控器、WSN、GPRS无线通讯模块和灌溉阀门系组成。其中,无线传感器网络采用地上和地下的混合拓扑结构,灌溉控制器通过土壤水分含量调控区域面积内的灌水量;远程监控中心采用Citect组态软件实现数据、人机界面管理,并可以通过web发布来实现高层次的监控。测试和试验过程中,数据采样间隔设定为30min,选用4组WSN节点,分别测得深度为5cm和35cm处的土壤温度、含水量,测试结果与普通灌溉相比可节水约20％。该系统实现了灌溉的在线自动监控和作物的精量灌溉,创新性的建立了一种地上、地下混合结构的无线传感器网络模型,为进一步研究奠定了基础。