十种常用农药与球孢白僵菌的生物学相容性

球孢白僵菌孢子粉与10种常用农药相容性的测定结果显示,随着孢子浓度上升,所试农药对孢子的抑制作用均有不同程度的增强。在1/10田间常规使用浓度下,百菌清和代森锰锌均能抑制或杀死孢子(萌发率<1％)。除阿维菌素外,所有杀虫剂均与白僵菌孢子相容,在常规使用浓度的10倍稀释液中孢子萌发率达90％以上。吡虫啉、蚜虱灵、灭多威和氟虫腈与孢子的相容性最好,其中吡虫啉和蚜虱灵对孢子萌发率的影响不明显随药剂浓度的变化而变化,即使在田间常规使用浓度下孢子萌发率也在95％以上,而阿维菌素与白僵菌的相容性极差。因此,应用白僵菌制剂防治害虫,选择生物学相容性好的农药以低剂量与白僵菌制剂混用,既可使菌剂增效,又可大幅度降低化学药剂用量。     

Pest Management in Traditional Tropical Agroecosystems: Lessons for Pest Prevention Research and Extension

Based on current agroecological theory and IPM practices, this review explores the role of traditional practices, involving site selection, soil management, timing of planting and harvesting, crop resistance, intercropping, weed management, harvest residue management, post-harvest management, natural enemies management, mechanical control, repellents and traps in the natural regulation of potential pests. In synthesis, the literature suggests that although pest management professionals focus their efforts on pest control, the preventative approach taken by traditional farmers is more effective. Potential constraints to the implementation of this preventive pest management approach include:(1) lack of integration of ecological theory and pest management, (2) lack of cooperation among social and biological scientists, and (3) lack of real efforts to work with farmers as equals and support mechanisms that protect their knowledge. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Variation of Parthenium hysterophorus in response to soil quality: implications for invasiveness

Summary The performance of Parthenium hysterophorus , native to the tropical Americas and invasive to several countries, was evaluated for response to soil quality. Phenological (six stages) and quantitative growth variables [relative growth rates in height (R_h) and diameter (R_d)] were measured every fortnight. Based on harvest data, the variables, root:shoot (R:S) ratio, specific leaf area (SLA), relative growth rate in biomass (R_w), net assimilation rate (NAR) and dry matter allocation to plant components, were determined. High clay content in soils prolonged the rosette stage, enhanced R_h and R_d and hampered root growth, but promoted biomass allocation to shoots. The extreme degree of plant mortality was observed, with only 33.3% individuals surviving to reproduce in the soils with highest clay contents. This appears to be one of the most important findings that certainly has a major bearing on the range of adaptation of the weed. Seed mass declined whereas seed production increased in relatively coarser soils with the exception of nearly pure sand. In soils rich in clay, plants produced a smaller number of larger seeds. These data suggest that variation in fundamental functional traits would enable P. hysterophorus to adjust to a variety of habitat conditions.     

Olive processing wastes for weed control

The herbicidal effect of olive processing wastes (OPW) on some weed species in wheat, maize and sunflower was investigated in the Aegean region of Turkey. In trials with maize and sunflower, OPW was applied as an air‐dried solid form at 3 and 4.5 kg m^?2. It provided an effectiveness level on Portulaca oleracea of 63–98%. In trials with wheat, OPW was applied as solid and liquid forms, each at two different doses, namely 4.5 and 6 kg m^?2 (solid), and 5 and 10 L m^?2 (liquid). Solid OPW provided a reduction in total weed coverage of 75% and 81% at doses of 4.5 and 6 kg m^?2, respectively. The weed coverage reduction by liquid OPW was 39% and 62% with 5 and 10 L m^?2, respectively. Apart from 12–26% reduction of the number of germinating seeds, OPW showed no toxic effects on maize and sunflower. Wheat was affected in the initial stages but no adverse effect was detected at harvest. It can be concluded that the herbicidal effect of OPW may be considered as an alternative to chemical weed control in some important summer crops (maize and sunflower) and for most of the weeds in winter wheat.     

新疆柽柳幽柽木虱的生物学特性

在新疆的柽柳属植物上发现3种木虱，对其中的柽柳幽柽木虱进行了研究。该种木虱在新疆阜康地区1年发生1代，以4龄若虫在柽柳多年生枝条上越冬。越冬若虫翌年4月中旬开始取食，并使枝条顶端形成虫瘿，若虫在虫瘿内发育到5龄，至6月开始羽化，成虫平均寿命7．3d。雌成虫将卵产在花苞内，若虫在花苞内取食形成虫瘿，4龄若虫10月中旬爬出虫瘿转移到多年生枝条上越冬。发现若虫寄生蜂1种。     

遗传与环境在生物进化中的关系

本文讨论了在生物进化的过程中遗传与环境的关系及遗传物质的范围和生物可塑性的问题。遗传物质的变异是进化的内因，环境对遗传物质的变异起到诱发与筛选的作用，进化后的生物对环境又有反作用。     

纳米微粒材料生物学活性研究进展

综述了纳米微粒的生物学效应及其免疫调节、抗菌、抗肿瘤等多种生物学活性.     

斯氏线虫对进境原木上长林小蠹的防治试验

本文报道了斯氏线虫对进境原木上长林小蠹的生物防治试验.结果表明,斯氏线虫对长林小蠹的侵染力较强.通过毒力测定,斯氏线虫对长林小蠹3龄幼虫的LD50、LD99分别为21、432(条/头),而对蛹的LD50、LD99分别为12、230(条/头).在寄生强度测定中,斯氏线虫与长林小蠹3龄幼虫仅接触0.5h,每虫就可被侵入1.6条线虫,12h寄生的死亡率达到90%,24h寄生的死亡率为100%.斯氏线虫对长林小蠹表现出较高的致病性和寄生性.斯氏线虫在室内以浸泡法和淋施法防治长林小蠹的效果较好.     

金龟子绿僵菌固态培养生物变量优化研究

金龟子绿僵菌属于真菌类生物杀虫剂,本文研究了接种量、种龄、菌种代数等生物因素对金龟子绿缰菌生长及产孢量的影响,并对液—固两步发酵工艺进行了研究。经过优化,得到金龟子绿僵菌产孢的最佳生物参数是:接种量为2.5g/100g、种龄为5-6天;采用固体二代种,培养6天,孢子产量可达1.531×10~(10)孢子/g干培养基。     

薇甘菊天敌安婀珍蝶生物学特性的研究

安婀珍蝶Actinote anteas(Doubleday ＆ Hewitson)是薇甘菊的天敌,取食薇甘菊Mikania micrantha Kunth.的叶片,能有效的控制薇甘菊的蔓延和生长。在广州市和深圳龙岗进行的观察表明,在实验室条件下,安婀珍蝶一年生长3代~4代。世代平均历期为112.44±1.18天;卵期平均为11.44±1.18天;幼虫期平均为82.54±4.05天;蛹期平均为12.98±1.31天;成虫期平均为7.33±0.80天。本文还记述了该蝶各虫态的形态特征、生活习性及其天敌等。