鸡粪及其配施尿素对甜瓜香味物质、酶活性及基因表达的影响

为了探讨鸡粪以及鸡粪与尿素配施对薄皮甜瓜果实香气物质合成及关键酶的影响,以薄皮甜瓜"DX108"为试材,以尿素为氮源的处理作为对照(CK),研究等量氮素条件下,鸡粪及其与尿素配施处理对甜瓜果实香气物质以及相关酶活性变化的影响,并分析了乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)和醇酰基转移酶(AAT)基因的表达水平。结果表明:不同处理对薄皮甜瓜香气物质合成、相关酶活性以及关键酶基因表达的影响存在明显差异;尿素处理促进了甜瓜果实中C6和C9醇醛类化合物的合成,而鸡粪以及鸡粪与尿素配施提高了成熟果实中酯类物质含量和种类,尤其是乙酸酯类含量;鸡粪配施尿素处理提高了花后35 d甜瓜果实中非乙酸酯类物质含量,且是尿素处理花后35 d甜瓜果实中非乙酸酯类物质含量的3.1倍,还检测到了尿素处理果实中没有检测到的特征性酯类物质;鸡粪和鸡粪配施尿素处理提高了花后25～30 d果实中LOX酶、氨基转移酶、ADH酶以及AAT酶活性,降低了花后35 d果实中ADH酶活性,抑制了30 d后果实中CmADH1和ADH2的基因表达,而促进了CmAAT1和CmAAT3基因表达。由此可知,鸡粪以及鸡粪与尿素配施有可能是通过调节果实不同发育期香味物质合成途径中关键酶活性的协调变化以及关键酶基因表达,影响了果实香气物质的合成,尤其是酯类物质的合成。     

间作香露兜提高槟榔根系生长和土壤酶活性

采用盆栽试验的方法,对槟榔单作、香露兜单作和槟榔间作香露兜3种栽培模式下根系生长发育和土壤酶活性进行比较研究。结果表明：槟榔间作香露兜促进了槟榔干物质累积,且分配到根系的干物质相对增多,地下部干物质质量显著增加,对香露兜的影响不显著;间作后显著增加槟榔叶片SPAD值,对香露兜无显著影响;间作模式下槟榔总根长、根系总表面积、根数目显著增多,分别比单作增加了78.64%、50.96%、81.22%,而且间作对槟榔根系生长发育的促进作用大于香露兜;槟榔间作香露兜后,土壤酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性均显著高于槟榔单作,土壤脲酶与槟榔单作无显著差异,但显著低于香露兜单作;土壤过氧化物酶活性与根数目和根体积呈显著正相关。综上所述,槟榔与香露兜根系之间竞争较小,与槟榔单作相比,槟榔间作香露兜模式能够促进槟榔根系生长,提高土壤酶活性。     

Microbial remediation of a pentachloronitrobenzene-contaminated soil under Panax notoginseng: A field experiment

Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) is an organochlorine fungicide that is mainly used in the prevention and control of diseases in crop seedlings. Microbial removal is used as a promising method for in-situ removal of many organic pesticides and pesticide residues. A short-term field experiment (1 year) was conducted to explore the potential role of a PCNB-degrading bacterial isolate, Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85, in the remediation of a PCNB-contaminated soil on which Panax notoginseng was grown. The following three treatments were used:i) control soil amended with wheat bran but without YNS-85, ii) soil with 0.15 kg m^-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (A), and iii) soil with 0.30 kg m^-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (B). The removal of soil PCNB during the microbial remediation was monitored using gas chromatography. Soil catalase and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) esterase activities were determined using spectrophotometry. In addition, cultivable bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were counted by plating serial dilutions, and the microbial biodiversity of the soil was analyzed using BIOLOG. After 1 year of in-situ remediation, the soil PCNB concentrations decreased significantly by 50.3% and 74.2% in treatments A and B, respectively, when compared with the uninoculated control. The soil catalase activity decreased in the presence of the bacterial isolate, the FDA esterase activity decreased in treatment A, but increased in treatment B. No significant changes in plant biomass, diversity of the soil microbial community, or physicochemical properties of the soil were observed between the control and inoculated groups (P<0.05). The results indicate that Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85 is a potential candidate for the remediation of PCNB-contaminated soils under P. notoginseng.     

保水剂和微生物菌肥配施对旱作燕麦土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量及酶活性的影响

为探讨保水剂和微生物菌肥配施后旱作燕麦土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量及酶活性的影响,在内蒙古黄土高原旱作农田设置不施用保水剂和微生物菌肥(CK)、保水剂和微生物菌肥配施(A)、单施微生物菌肥(B)和单施保水剂(C)4个处理,分析燕麦全生育期内0—10,10—20,20—40 cm土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量及酶活性时空动态变化和产量变化。结果表明:(1)全生育期,土壤微生物量碳含量呈"双峰"曲线变化,峰值均出现在孕穗期和灌浆期;氮含量呈先降低后升高再降低趋势,苗期含量最高;过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性均呈"单峰"曲线变化,过氧化氢酶、土壤蔗糖酶峰值在孕穗期,土壤脲酶则在抽穗期。(2)除CK外,土壤微生物量碳、氮含量及过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性表现为0—10 cm10—20 cm20—40 cm,其中配施(A)对0—10,10—20 cm影响均显著(p0.05),单施(B、C)仅对10—20 cm土层影响显著(p0.05)。(3)10—20 cm土层,配施(A)与其他3个处理间差异均显著(p0.05),提高微生物量碳含量4.82%～40.28%、微生物生物量氮含量8.44%～68.66%、过氧化氢酶活性13.32%～60.16%、蔗糖酶活性10.45%～39.14%、脲酶活性12.40%～55.62%。(4)配施(A)能同时显著(p0.05)提高燕麦籽粒产量和生物产量,提高幅度分别为8.40%～20.12%和10.80%～25.09%。因此,保水剂和微生物菌肥配施在黄土高原旱作区具有较好改善土壤微生物活性效果,提高旱作燕麦产量。     

Co-inoculation of selected nodule endophytic rhizobacterial strains with Rhizobium tropici promotes plant growth and controls damping off in common bean

Production of common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris)is limited by the occurrence of damping off(rhizoctoniosis),which is caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani.However,the co-inoculation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)involved in biological control along with diatomic nitrogen(N2)-fixing rhizobia can enhance N nutrition and increase production.In this context,finding microorganisms with synergistic effects that perform these two roles is of fundamental importance to ensure adequate yield levels.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of co-inoculation of nodule endophytic strains of the genera Bacillus,Paenibacillus,Burkholderia,and Pseudomonas with Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899,an N2-fixing rhizobial strain,on the biocontrol of damping off and growth promotion in common bean plants.Greenhouse experiments were conducted under axenic conditions using the common bean cultivar Pérola.The first experiment evaluated the potential of the 14 rhizobacterial strains,which were inoculated alone or in combination with CIAT 899,for the control of R.solani.The second experiment evaluated the ability of these 14 rhizobacterial strains to promote plant growth with three manners of N supply:co-inoculation with CIAT 899 at low mineral N supply(5.25 mg N mL^-1),low mineral N supply(5.25 mg N mL^-1),and high mineral N supply(52.5 mg N mL^-1).The use of rhizobacteria combined with rhizobia contributed in a synergistic manner to the promotion of growth and the control of damping off in the common bean.Co-inoculation of the strains UFLA 02-281/03-18(Pseudomonas sp.),UFLA 02-286(Bacillus sp.),and UFLA 04-227(Burkholderia fungorum)together with CIAT 899 effectively controlled damping off.For the common bean,mineral N supply can be replaced by the co-inoculation of CIAT 899 with plant growth-promoting strains UFLA 02-281/02-286/02-290/02-293.Nodule endophytes UFLA02-281/02-286 are promising for co-inoculation with CIAT 899 in the common bean,promoting synergy with rhizobial inoculation and protection against disease.     

茭鸭共作对茭白产量和品质的影响

为给茭白与鸭共作系统中适宜放养鸭密度提供参考依据,本研究通过大田试验,比较了茭白单作、茭白田放鸭300、375、450只/hm~2条件下茭白的生物学性状、产量和品质。结果表明:茭鸭共作能显著提高茭白后期叶片数、干物重及产量,并延缓茭白后期叶片衰败。放鸭密度从375只/hm~2增加至450只/hm~2时,茭白后期叶片衰败加快,且茭白产量不再增加。茭鸭共作显著提高茭白蛋白质、维生素C和氨基酸含量。茭鸭共作系统灌溉养殖池塘富营养化水4500 m~3/hm~2时,输入的N、P、K相当于99.75 kg尿素、38.25 kg过磷酸钙和83.55 kg氯化钾的养分含量。本试验条件下,茭白常规种植密度27795株/hm~2,田间适宜放鸭密度为375只/hm~2,可显著提高茭白产量及品质。     

几种生物药剂对葡萄白粉病防治效果初报

葡萄白粉病( Uncinula necator )是造成云南葡萄减产品质降低的主要病害之一,特别是在金沙江干热河谷早熟葡萄产区,白粉病的流行会使葡萄减产30%,严重减产50%。通过田间试验对几种药剂对葡萄白粉病防效进行比较,从而选出防效较好的药剂。第1次药后7d,新高脂膜粉剂防治效果最高,达42.92%。第2、3、4次药后,15%三唑酮防治效果最高,分别达到51.50%、57.86%、51.81%,其余生物药剂防治效果都未达到50%,存在显著性差异。     

兰州百合连作土壤水浸液自毒作用研究

【目的】探讨兰州百合(Lilium davidii var.unicolor salisb)连作土壤水浸液对自身幼苗生长的障碍因素及其作用机制。【方法】设置蒸馏水(CK)及正茬、连作2年、连作4年兰州百合根际土壤水浸液各50,100,200,300 mg/mL,共13个处理,以兰州百合种球为受试对象,测定不同条件下兰州百合幼苗生长、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质及细胞膜透性的变化,并利用GC-MS技术分析各处理土壤中存在的主要自毒物质。【结果】正茬、连作2年及连作4年兰州百合根际土壤水浸液对兰州百合幼苗的生长均存在"低促高抑"现象,且抑制作用随连作年限的延长而增强。随水浸液质量浓度的增加,兰州百合幼苗CAT和SOD活性逐渐升高,POD活性先上升后下降,MDA含量、相对电导率、脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量的变化呈不断上升趋势,当水浸液质量浓度上升至300 mg/mL时,3个处理中各指标的上升或下降程度与对照相比均达显著差异水平(P0.05)。兰州百合正茬、连作2年及连作4年根际土壤中分别鉴定出9,15和17种化合物,主要包括2,3-丁二醇、1,2,3-三甲苯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、对苯二甲酸二辛酯、抗氧剂2246等化合物,其中大部分为自毒物质。【结论】兰州百合正茬、连作2年及连作4年根际土壤水浸液质量浓度达到300 mg/mL时,对其幼苗的生长会产生显著抑制作用。连作土壤中存在的自毒物质可以改变兰州百合植株体内的抗氧化酶活性,破坏细胞膜结构和功能,抑制兰州百合植株的生长,是导致兰州百合连作障碍发生的重要原因之一。     

菠萝酸性转化酶基因家族初步生物信息学及表达分析

酸性转化酶（acid invertase, AIN）在菠萝采后蔗糖降解过程中起着重要作用,基于菠萝全基因组数据库,预测菠萝AIN家族基因并进行生物信息学分析,解析其在采后菠萝不同贮藏温度下的表达变化情况,为阐明AIN基因在采后菠萝果实贮藏特性中的作用奠定基础。以水稻AIN家族基因为探针,在菠萝全基因组中鉴定到2个菠萝细胞壁酸性转化酶基因（cell wall acid invertase, CWIN）和2个液泡酸性转化酶基因（vacuolar acid invertase, VIN）,分别命名为AcCWIN1、AcCWIN2、AcVIN1、AcVIN2,设计编码区引物进行测序验证,并进行生物信息学分析。进化分析结果表明,AcCWIN1、AcCWIN2和AcVIN1、AcVIN2蛋白分别归于细胞壁酸性转化酶和液泡酸性转化酶2个进化支上,且均属于糖基水解酶家族GH32,基因结构、保守域和保守基序均一致。荧光定量分析结果表明,菠萝果肉中AcVIN1和AcVIN2在果实采后贮藏过程中表达量升高,且AcVIN1在发生黑心病的部位大量表达,而AcCWIN1和AcCWIN2在采后贮藏过程中表达量逐渐降低,且随着贮藏温度的升高其表达量降低,预示AcVIN1、AcVIN2较AcCWIN1、AcCWIN2在菠萝采后蔗糖降解和黑心病的发生方面发挥着更为重要的作用。