Chlorophyll fluorescence for visualizing the spatial and temporal spread of Phytophthora alni subsp. alni in alder bark tissue

The impact of alder Phytophthora (Phytophthora alni subsp. alni) on corticular photosynthetic metabolism was explored via measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence. Stem inoculation induced a sharp reduction of maximum (F_v/F_m) and effective quantum yield of PSII (). Observations of the axial and radial spread of the pathogen revealed that near to the point of inoculation and in the whole centre of the stem lesion F_v/F_m and of the cortex chlorenchyma decreased to almost zero, indicating tissue necrosis. Low values of F_v/F_m and were also found in some presymptomatic regions beyond the visible stem lesion. In contrast, substantial photosynthetic activity was found in uninvaded parts of the inoculated trees and in the control. These stem parts showed a marked light‐adapted quantum efficiency of PSII as well as marked electron transport rates in their bark tissues. Thus, corticular photosynthesis stayed unaffected in these stem parts supporting stem carbon balance. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements in the field illustrated that stem infection with P. alni subsp. alni and the effect on the bark tissues is not only highly heterogeneous but also underlies very quick temporal changes, due to a rapid destruction of the photosynthetic apparatus. The results show that chlorophyll fluorescence measurements and fluorescence imaging are useful indicators of tissue infection caused by Phytophthora infection of bark tissues. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements can be used to map and visualize the spatial as well as temporal spread of bark pathogens and can give a first indication of invasion of the host tissue beyond the visible lesion.     

Deep‐sequencing revealed Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) as a highly aggressive pathogen on hop

Newly emerging or re‐emerging diseases are a constant and significant threat to agricultural production, so prompt and accurate identification of the causative agents is required for rapid and appropriate disease management. Classical methods of pathogen detection can be successfully supplemented by next‐generation sequencing (NGS), whereby sequence analysis can help in the discovery of new or emerging diseases. In 2007, hop growers in Slovenia reported the appearance of severely stunted hop plants, a phenomenon that spread rapidly within hop gardens and among farms. Classical diagnostic methods were unable to detect a new pathogen; therefore, single step high‐throughput parallel sequencing of total RNA and small RNAs from plants with and without symptoms was employed to identify a novel pathogen. The sequences were assembled de novo and also mapped to reference genomes, resulting in identification of a novel sequence of Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) in the stunted hop plants. Furthermore, the presence of this novel pathogen on hop was confirmed by RT‐PCR analysis of 59 plants with symptoms from 15 hop gardens, representing the main outbreak locations identified by systematic disease monitoring, and small RNA Illumina sequencing of the bulked RNA sample. The high infectivity of the newly identified CBCVd was also confirmed by biolistic inoculation of two hop cultivars, which developed aggressive symptoms in controlled conditions. This study shows the feasibility of deep sequencing for the identification of causative agents of new diseases in hop and other plants.     

寄主对马铃薯甲虫飞行能力的影响

[目的]研究不同寄主的马铃薯甲虫对其飞行能力的影响,探索马铃薯甲虫的迁飞规律,为控制马铃薯甲虫的扩散提供依据.[方法]通过昆虫飞行磨系统测定取食不同寄主马铃薯甲虫的飞行能力.[结果]寄主对越冬后马铃薯甲虫的飞行能力影响不明显,对第一代、第二代马铃薯甲虫飞行能力影响较大.[结论]取食马铃薯成虫的飞行能力最强,其次是取食天仙子和茄子叶片的,二者飞行能力无明显差异,取食番茄叶片成虫的飞行能力最弱.     

杏树光合特性与小蠹虫为害关系的分析

[目的]揭示杏树的光合能力与小蠹虫为害之间的关系.[方法]以赛买提杏品种为试材,对健康树、弱势树和初期受小蠹虫为害杏树的光合性能进行测定.[结果]健康树叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)极显著高于弱势树和受害树;健康树的光合速率最大可达到18.178μmolCO2/(m2·s),而弱势树和受害树分别仅为1.441、0.806μmolCO2/(m2·s);弱势树和受害树的叶面积均小于健康树,且二者的叶绿素含量也均低于健康树.[结论]弱势树和受害树的光合能力远远低于健康树,其光合作用受到明显抑制,杏树各项生理指标的变化对光合作用产生一定程度的影响,光合速率降低,有利于小蠹虫的为害.     

Aerially applied methylcyclohexenone-releasing flakes protect Pseudotsuga menziesii stands from attack by Dendroctonus pseudotsugae

We tested methylcyclohexenone (MCH), an anti-aggregation pheromone for the Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae), for protection of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands by applying MCH-releasing polymer flakes by helicopter twice during summer 2006 to five 4.05-ha plots in the State of Washington, USA. Five similar plots served as untreated controls. We assessed D. pseudotsugae flight into study plots using baited pheromone traps, and tallied D. pseudotsugae attack rates on all P. menziesii trees in 2005 and 2006. We also measured stand basal area and incorporated that as an explanatory variable in the analysis. Significantly fewer D. pseudotsugae were trapped in treated plots than in control plots, and significantly fewer P. menziesii trees were attacked in treated plots than in control plots. The attack rate in untreated stands was nearly 10 times that of treated plots, and stands with higher basal area were significantly more likely to be attacked by D. pseudotsugae than were stands of lower basal area. Attack rates in 2006 and 2005 were significantly correlated, regardless of treatment.     

新疆水生甲虫(昆虫纲:鞘翅目)(英文)

本文报道了新疆地区静水和流水生境里水生鞘翅目昆虫共7科、32属、66种,其中包括16个中国新纪录,并列出各种在新疆境内的分布.     

丝绵木高接换头嫁接北海道黄杨技术

介绍了多年生大径丝绵木高接换头嫁接北海道黄杨技术,采用蜡封接穗,接穗采用发育枝中段或基段,失水率不超过6.5%,接口用塑料薄膜绑紧,正常年份可使嫁接成活率达90%以上。     

修剪对苹果枝(梢)皮层总黄酮含量的影响

以“长富2号”、“玉华早富”苹果树为试材,采用NaNO₂-Al(NO₃)₃比色法测定总黄酮含量,研究了枝(梢)秋剪、冬剪后剪口自然暴露空气不同时长后枝(梢)皮层组织总黄酮含量的动态变化特征。结果表明,1)修剪处理后与未修剪情况下枝(梢)皮层组织总黄酮含量变化存在显著差异。2)秋季修剪后,果树秋梢皮层组织总黄酮含量在24 h内均呈波动变化,0～3 h逐渐升高,3～24 h逐渐下降; 修剪处理24 h后秋梢皮层组织总黄酮含量逐渐增加并趋于稳定,净增加率达50%以上。3)冬季修剪后,果树1年生枝条皮层组织总黄酮含量24 h以内的变化特征与秋季相同; 24 h后呈现波动变化,表现为24～48 h逐渐升高,48～168 h逐渐下降至初始值左右。修剪能够改变黄酮类化合物的代谢,影响枝(梢)总黄酮含量,可为指导苹果树修剪及枝条剪口的保护提供科学依据。     

适于FVS的长白落叶松树皮因子

为估算长白落叶松的去皮直径及树皮厚度等,利用小兴安岭南部68株长白落叶松解析木与生物量数据,对带皮胸径与去皮胸径之间、树干材积与木材材积之间、树皮厚度与相对树高之间、树皮因子与树高之间等相关模型进行了研究.结果表明,长白落叶松胸径处去皮直径的最优模型为D1B=0.922DOB(R2=0.99),胸径处树皮因子和树皮调整...     

浅析营林技术与杨树天牛治理

危害吉林省洮南市杨、柳、榆等树种的主要蛀干害虫是天牛,笔者回顾多年来防治杨树天牛的实践,采用营林技术来治理天牛,可以实现有效抵制天牛危害。