Conservation-oriented forestry and early successional saproxylic beetles: Responses of functional groups to manipulated dead wood substrates

New conservation-oriented forestry aims to maintain intact populations of forest organisms by improving the conservation value of managed forests and providing protected areas. We tested the conservation value of treatments of dead wood for assemblages of early successional saproxylic beetles. In nine areas in northern Sweden, we selected one clear-cut, one mature managed forest and one reserve. In 2001-2002, we placed three blocks of spruce logs, each containing control, burned and shaded logs and a high stump (“snag”) at each site. Saproxylic beetles emerging from the dead wood were collected using emergence traps and beetles flying close to it were collected using flight-intercept traps. After one year of exposure, assemblage composition was examined, with respect to nutritionally-defined functional groups, red-listed species and fire-favoured species. Experimental snags were most complementary to control logs, supporting different assemblages of cambium consumers and fungivores and supporting more red-listed individuals. Burned logs supported depauperate assemblages, particularly with respect to cambium consumers, while shading of logs affected assemblages of fungivores, but only on clear-cuts. Despite containing less dead wood, managed forests provided valuable habitat, supporting similar assemblages of saproxylic beetles to reserves. Most functional groups were less abundant on clear-cuts than in older forests, but fire-favoured species were more common on clear-cuts, suggesting that clear-cuts may support assemblages of species associated with natural disturbances, if suitable substrates are available. Utilization of logs by saproxylic beetles changes over time, so long-term monitoring of our experimental logs will determine their lifetime conservation value.     

白桦树皮化学组成的研究

经究了白桦树皮的化学组成，内皮的外皮的灰分、抽提物、木质素、多戊糖、综纤维素和软木脂含量。通过ＧＣ、ＧＣ－ＭＳ对外皮中的两种主要成分软木脂单体和三萜系化合物进行了定性和定量分析。不同径级的三个样品的软木脂脂单体平均含量每公斤外皮（干基，下同）为１７５ｇ，软木脂单体中以９，１０－环氧－１８－羟基十八烷酸为主，每公斤外皮为５５．１ｇ，占软木脂单体总量的３１．５％。可确认的软木脂单体占气相色谱可分谱可分     

构树皮化学成分、纤维形态与制浆性能分析

对金沙江干热河谷区构树韧皮纤维的化学组成、纤维形态和成浆物理性能进行了分析,结果表明:构树韧皮的木素含量低,纤维素含量较高,达43.06%,具有较大的纤维利用率;构树皮纤维长度平均值为9.37 mm,分布范围3.3~19.6 mm,纤维长宽比高达509,属于一种优良的长纤维原料;在实验室条件下,构树皮纸浆得率42.47%,硬度6.70(Kappa值),耐破指数为2.23 kPa.m2/g,撕裂指数34.53 m N.m2/g,耐折度192次,抗张指数27.67 N.m/g,具有较优的制浆性能.     

5%甲拌磷对油菜苗期害虫的防治效果

5%甲拌磷颗粒剂随种条播法防治油菜苗期主要害虫,小区试验,按照活性成分0.75～1.5kg/ha剂量于油菜春播期一次性施入播种沟内,对全体越冬成虫的平均防效,跳(虫甲)类为68.1%,黄曲条跳(虫甲)[Phyllotreta vittata(Fabr.)]为66.7%、油菜茎龟象为63.7%。大田应用以活性成分0.75kg/ha为宜。     

利用昆虫病原真菌防治贮粮害虫展望

Only two fungus species,Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae,have been given serious attention as possible microbial controls for stored-product pests.Their host ranges are broad, but their potency for the various target insects varies greatly,and some of the most important pests such as the red flour beetle are very tolerant of fungi.Accordingly, strategies are needed to improve the fungal performance.One such strategy is combination with other environmentally benign treatments such as controlled desiccant dusts and controlled atmospheres. Ironically the relatively dryness of stored-product environments favors fungal efficacy.Desiccation stress renders some insects more vulnerable to fungi.The longevity of fungus spores is also best under dry conditions.The prospects of fungi for control of stored-product pests can be improved by taking advantage of these phenomena and judicious selection of use venues and application strategies.     

麦田天敌对麦蚜控制作用的考察

 小麦蚜虫是云南省小麦的主要害虫,常年蚜害损失10%至20%,严重时可达30%以上。长期以来主要用化学杀虫剂防治,不仅方法单一使得蚜虫产生了抗药性,不得不提高药剂使用的浓度和数量,导致农业成本增加、农药污染环境和影响小麦的品质。为了探索在综合防治中充分发挥天敌因子的作用,减少农药对环境的污染,建立农田生态系统的良性循环,提高小麦的质和量,1984年至1985年对麦田天敌昆虫控制麦蚜的作用进行了观察。在相同的栽培耕作条件下,保护和利用天敌的麦田内各种天敌繁衍兴盛,共同控制着麦蚜的数量和为害,表明了在综合防治中积极保护和利用天敌的重要性。     

莫干山萤叶甲及二新种记述(鞘翅目:叶甲科,萤叶甲亚科)

本文报道了浙江省莫干山萤叶甲36种,其中有2新种:莫干山拟柱萤叶甲Laphris moganshana Sp. nov. 及粗刻术萤叶甲Gallerucida magnipunctata Sp.nov.     

3种常见花金龟生殖系统与生殖活动的研究

本文对山东省3种常见花金龟的生殖系统进行了解剖研究。详细描述了雌雄生殖器官的基本结构及其差异,并对其成虫的生殖活动作了观察,为深入研究奠定了坚实的基础。     

松根颈树皮象生物学特性和防治方法的研究

松根颈树皮象广泛分布在云南省,幼虫主要为害云南松、思茅松和华山松中幼林。幼虫钻蛀松树根颈的形成层和韧皮部,当松树受害轻时针叶变为黄褐色,受害严重时致死。松根颈树皮象二年完成一代,以成虫和5—7龄幼虫越冬。成虫在8月中开始羽化,两次越冬并生活达2年。整个成虫期都有交尾活动,但在羽化的当年不产卵。幼虫期10—14个月,主要为7—8龄,7月下旬开始化蛹,蛹期约27天。由于虫口密度较低,老熟幼虫做蛹室至成虫羽化要经过两个多月,虫期整齐,很容易用手清除。从8月下旬到9月中是最好的防治时期。     

滇东南橡胶树寒害后次期性害虫危害状况调查

调查了2011年1月云南滇东南橡胶树遭受特大寒害后,引发了以橡胶树小蠹虫类为主的次期性害虫的严重发生和危害,共调查橡胶树6 541株,其中受小蠹虫危害株418株,橡胶树虫蛀率6%,共采集成虫标本232头,种类分属小蠹科Scolytidae、长小蠹科Platypodidae、锯谷盗科Siovanidae、露甲科Nitidulidae等4科4属5种,暗翅材小蠹(Xyleborus semiopacus)和对粒材小蠹(Xyleborus perforans)为优势种;调查还对由于频繁的自然灾害和长年的营养失衡导致橡胶树群体衰退是橡胶林次期性害虫大发生的潜在和根本的原因进行探讨;提出需要对滇东南植胶环境重新研究和评价,对植胶半个多世纪所依循的技术体系和经营体制进行重新审视,以期实现重大变革,使滇东南植胶业得以持续发展。