Seasonal patterns of dispersal of ascospores of Cryphonectria parasitica (chestnut blight)

Infected barks of chestnut blight cankers, caused by Cryphonectria parasitica , were collected from a naturally infected orchard and incubated at different temperatures. Cankers started to discharge ascospores about a week after incubation at 15–25°C; most ascospores were collected at 20 and 25°C. When incubated at 5, 10 or 30°C, only a few cankers released a small number of ascospores and only during the later stages of incubation. However, the rate of formation of perithecia was not affected by the incubation temperature. The number of airborne ascospores was monitored using a volumetric spore trap in a chestnut orchard during 1996 and 1997. In both years, the number of ascospores trapped daily varied greatly, but in general it increased sharply from March onwards, reached a peak in May, and then declined steeply. There was a significant correlation between daily counts of ascospores and air temperature. Time-series transfer function (TF) analysis showed a positive association of the daily number of ascospores with increasing temperature, rain events and wet/humid conditions. In general, values predicted by the TF model agreed well with the observed pattern. However, a multiple regression equation based on TF analysis failed to provide a satisfactory prediction of the daily number of ascospores.     

Efficacy of oxolinic acid and other bactericides in suppression ofErwinia amylovora in pear orchards in Israel

The efficacy of oxolinic acid (at 200 and 300 μg a.i./l) and of several antibiotic compounds (streptomycin sulfate at 100 μg a.i./l, glycocide B at 700 μg a.i./l, kasugamycin at 80 μg a.i./l and gentamicin sulfate at 30 and 60 μg a.i./l) againstErwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight in pears, was evaluated in 43 orchard experiments in 1997–2000 in Israel. In addition to the above orchard experiments, the efficacy of the bactericides was tested in live experiments with artificial inoculation. Natural fire blight symptoms were observed in 16 of the 43 experiments; in 13 of them, disease intensity and its distribution among the experimental plots provided a basis for data analysis, leading to reliable conclusions concerning the efficacy of the tested bactericides. Oxolinic acid at 300 μg a.i./l was highly effective againstE. amylovora and reduced disease severity significantly in all experiments, as compared with the untreated plots; however, a concentration of 200 μg a.i./l was not effective in some cases. Among the tested antibiotics, only gentamicin sulfate was as effective as oxolinic acid. Results of the artificial inoculation experiments corroborated those obtained in the naturally infected orchards. The pre-infection activity of oxolinic acid was determined on blossom clusters that were sprayed with the bactericide before inoculation. Control efficacy on blossom clusters sprayed 1–4 days before inoculation ranged from 68% to 80%, a level which did not differ significantly from that observed on blossom clusters sprayed on the day of inoculation (80% control). The postinfection activity of oxolinic acid was determined on blossom clusters that were sprayed with the compound after inoculation. Oxolinic acid was as effective when applied 1 or 2 days after inoculation as when it was applied on the day of inoculation; however, application of the bactericide 3 days after inoculation no longer resulted in significant disease suppression. Oxolinic acid has been used commercially in Israel since 1998 with appreciable success. Contribution No. 533-00 from the Agricultural Research Organization     

井冈霉素A对水稻纹枯病菌的毒力和作用机理研究

根据水稻纹枯病菌 Rhizoctonia solani AG- 1IA在含系列浓度井冈霉素 A马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基 (PDA)上的菌丝生长速率 ,计算出药剂的毒力回归方程为:Y=3.2 30 9+0 .872 0 X,r=0 .9910 ,药剂的 EC50 =10 6 .9μg/ m L,EC75=6 34.5 μg/ m L。在含 5 0 0 μg/ m L井冈霉素 A的 PDA上水稻纹枯病菌的菌丝生长抑制率为 74 .1% ,而田间水稻植株上人工接菌的药效试验结果表明 ,5 0 μg/ m L药液喷洒后 7d和 14 d的防效即可分别达到 77.4 %和 76 .7% ,即药剂在 PDA平板上的理论抑制作用仅是田间活体植株上对病菌实际作用效果的 1/ 10。比较室内毒力和田间药效试验的结果可以看出 ,井冈霉素 A具有对病原菌和寄主植物双重作用的特性。研究首次发现 ,在室内培养基上不能有效抑制病菌生长的 1μg/ m L的井冈霉素 A可以在水稻植株未喷药部位产生防御水稻纹枯病的作用 ,且能够持续诱导植物防御反应相关酶——过氧化物酶 (PO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶 (PAL)的活性增高,表明该药剂可以激发水稻抗性防卫反应的表达。     

筛选和利用拮抗细菌防治水稻纹枯病和恶苗病的研究

土壤中存在大量有益的拮抗细菌。将纹枯菌菌核埋入稻田中可富集拮抗菌,经分离、筛选和测定,并通过拮抗细菌悬浮液抑制纹枯菌菌核萌发、种子细菌化处理等试验,获得了91、31-2、23和204等4个较好的拮抗细菌菌株。对纹枯病菌的拮抗带分别为10.0、12.7、6.7和11.0毫米;萌发率分别为22.9％、42.9％、28.6％和60.0％。应用后,水稻植株上的纹枯病的病斑高度,比对照分别低14.0％、22.4％、11.8％和16.4％;恶苗病徒长苗数比对照分别减少55.7％、49.2％、32.8％和50.8％。     

6个日本脐橙优良品种对柑桔溃疡病的抗性调查

在广西象州柑桔溃疡病疫区引种试栽了6个日本脐橙品种，丹下，铃木，森田，清家，白柳，吉田。经３年调查观察，发现品种间抗病性和丰产性有不同程度的差异，其中以丹下表现最好，可在疫区适当发展这一优质脐橙品种。     

用免疫分离法检测稻种上的白叶枯病菌

 免疫分离法是一种新型的、高度灵敏和准确的种菌带菌检验法,它结合了利用专化性抗血清的选择法吸附作用和活细菌可形成菌落的两方面的优点,从种苗材料中分离到目标细菌,用纯菌测试它的回收率为50~70%,最低检出率为50~100个菌/ml,人工喷接种和病田收获的病种带菌率达87%,平均每粒自然病种上的细菌数在100个左右。免疫分离所得菌落经致病性测定,大多数为白叶枯菌。     

水稻细菌性条斑病发生及流行因子分析

人工接种及病区调查研究结果表明，在种植感病品种情况下，气温决定了水稻细菌性条斑病的发生与否和潜育期的和短衣病斑长度；病害发生的最低温为１２℃，发病最适温度为２５－３０℃以上，而湿度决定此病发病率及严重度。结合主成分分析，该病在田间的流行取决于温度／湿度及降雨量。台风暴雨造成的伤口有利于病害的流行。     

苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性与玉米对纹枯病抗性的关系

苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性变化在玉米抗、感品种和不同生育期与叶鞘位之间存在差异。在玉米(川单10号)的不同生育期和叶鞘位中,随生育期的发展和叶鞘位的下降,苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性降低。在受纹枯病菌侵染后,抗病品种(R15)的苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性增加的速度和程度明显高于感病品种(K09)。这一结果表明,玉米对纹枯病的阶段抗性变化以及品种抗性与苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性变化相关。     

Synergistic interaction between BABA and mancozeb in controlling<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora infestans</Emphasis> in potato and tomato and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudoperonospora cubensis</Emphasis> in cucumber

Spray mixtures consisting of the plant activator BABA (DL-3-aminobutyric acid) and the protectant fungicide mancozeb were significantly more effective than BABA or mancozeb alone in controlling late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in potato and tomato and downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) in cucumber. A mixture composed of 5 parts BABA and 1 part mancozeb (w/w, a.i.) exhibited a higher synergy factor than the 1+1 or the 1+5 (BABA + mancozeb) mixtures. No synergistic interaction was detected between BABA plus mancozeb in controlling sporangial or cystospore germination, nor mycelial growth ofP. infestans in vitro. The results showed enhanced effect of mancozeb in BABA-induced plants, suggesting, therefore, that lower dosages of this fungicide may be sufficient to control late blight or downy mildew under field conditions. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 15, 2003.     

Resistance to early blight of tomato with respect to various parameters of disease epidemics

Resistance to early blight in the tomato was assessed by examining various parameters of the progress of the disease. Artificial inoculation and the scoring technique were standardized. Test plants were inoculated with 125cfu/ml of a 12-day-old culture of a pathogenic isolate of Alternaria solani. Screening under artificial conditions was more informative than that under natural epidemic conditions. Tomato cultivars CLN-2071-C, CLN-2070-A, BSS-174, and DTH-7 with resistance expressed as slow blighting against four pathogenic isolates of A. solani, were selected for cultivation in disease-prone areas. Disease intensity increased with the age of plants under the same inoculum load. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was positively correlated with the percentage disease index and negatively with resistance. Calculation of the apparent infection rate (r) was more informative for natural epidemics than for artificial conditions. The sequential apparent infection rate between observation periods was better correlated with disease progress than was the total apparent infection rate between the first and last observations. A double sigmoidal disease progress curve during the same cropping season was characteristic of some varieties when fungal infection took place during the vegetative phase of crop growth.