乌鲁木齐市空气污染成因及防治对策探讨

分析了乌鲁木齐市1999～2009年间每年以及2005～2007年各月份空气环境质量中主要污染物SO2、NO2、PM10的监测结果 ;探讨了造成该市空气污染的自然条件、城市功能布局、能源结构、供热点分布、移动源、监测和治理能力等因素,并从改善生态环境、优化工业布局、加强污染治理、调整能源结构、推进节能工作、防治机动车尾气排放、提高监测能力及公众意识等方面提出了污染防治的对策和建议。     

基于DLMS/COSEM的嵌入式自动抄表集中器的设计与实现

环境污染责任保险因开展经验及历史数据不足致费率难以合理厘定，引入模糊信息粒及综合评价理论，相对传统方法，更能实现费率厘定的公平合理，保障各方利益.本文以化学原料及化学制品制造业为研究对象，首先运用模糊信息粒理论处理历史数据，克服数据模糊不确定性，得出第三者赔偿额的模糊信息粒X~；其次运用传统精算定价方法得出行业基准费率的模糊信息粒p~；最后运用模糊综合评价二级评价理论，综合追溯期、企业规模等影响因素，得出投保企业风险综合评价集B~，以此修正基准费率.     

港口原油装船VOCs大气环境影响探讨

收集了原油装船VOCs的估算方法，认为原油装船时VOCs排放量为0.012％，VOCs浓度为0.1kg／m3。采用SCREEN3对其环境影响进行分了析，结果表明：下风向最大浓度出现在400m 处，浓度值7.99mg／m3，直到2700m处，浓度值才小于1mg／m3，直到10000m处，浓度值仍为0.14mg／m3，原油装船VOCs的大气环境影响较大。     

江苏省空中云水资源评估

研究旨在定量化评估江苏省空中云水资源可开发量及基本特征。根据云水收支方程,将参与大气云水循环且未降落到地面的资源定义为空中云水资源。利用1981—2010年EAR-Interim高分辨率再分析资料的风场及云含水量,计算江苏上空云水资源年均总量、时空特征及变化趋势。结果表明,资源年均总量353.1亿t,春夏季偏多,秋冬季偏少,开发潜力巨大。旱期(缺水期)沿淮淮北最多,达70.8亿t,沿海垦区、苏南环太湖次之;非旱期总量约占全年58.3%。近30年,云水资源呈下降趋势,平均每10年减少18亿t。建议加大开发力度,实现常态化开发利用,率先建立淮北、沿海、环太湖开发利用重点作业区,加强开发利用技术研究,提高开发效率。     

农业面源污染负荷空间分布及风险评价研究进展

为了研究农业面源污染负荷空间分布及风险评估,综述了国内外近10年的最新研究进展,发现在农业面源污染空间分布及风险评估上的研究较多,其中污染的源因子及迁移因子空间分布研究进展颇多,而在综合风险评价上的研究还比较缺乏,对污染负荷的分布特征及其相关性的研究还存在不足,今后还需研究污染负荷分级区划与管理控制措施研究。     

Efficient reduction of biomass,seed and season long pollen production of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.)

Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is a noxious plant that not only is a troublesome agronomic weed that causes economic damage to agricultural crops but also − and even more importantly − causes severe health problems due to its severe allergenicity. The pollen of invasive ragweed has become a major allergenic risk factor in urban areas in newly occupied regions. Many urban areas prohibit herbicide application; thus, mowing is the most widely used control measure. Counting pollen is labour intensive; therefore, pollen production data are mainly based on estimations. Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of different mowing scenarios, plant density and cutting height on the biomass, pollen production and seed production of common ragweed plants. Ragweed plants were mown twice: just before the flowering of terminal racemes (BBCH 59) and when the flowers of the re-sprouting lateral shoots reached BBCH 59. A 1- to 3-cm cutting height produced the greatest pollen reduction compared to that of intact control plants (94%) based on a season-long pollen collection. The number of female flowers also significantly decreased (97%). Compared to the control, the onset of pollen discharge was delayed by 5 weeks and the length of the pollen discharge period decreased from 9 to 4 weeks. The season-long unique and reproducible pollen production data can be integrated with airborne pollen modelling and population management strategies.     

国内湿地重金属污染评价的研究进展

湿地作为地球上重要的生态系统之一,具有稳定环境、物种基因保护及资源利用功能,被誉为自然之肾、生物基因库和人类摇篮。随着近年来湿地面临着面积萎缩、功能下降、污染日趋严重等危机,国内外学者对湿地保持着持续关注与研究,其中对湿地重金属的污染评价就是湿地科学研究领域的重要内容之一。笔者通过对国内十多年来有关重金属污染方面的报道进行整理分析,回顾总结了湖泊、河流、三角洲以及滨海等类型湿地的底泥、水体及土壤中重金属的污染现状与迁移特征,重点对重金属的种类、空间分布以及分析方法等进行总结归纳。在众多研究成果中,对污染物评价的方法以地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法使用最多。     

北方森林细根对氮沉降和二氧化碳浓度升高的响应

北方森林是全球第二大生物群区,约占全球森林面积的30%,尽管其细根生物量仅占森林生态系统很小的一部分,但其周转率更快,更易分解,因此,其对土壤碳循环和大气CO_2通量贡献很大。笔者综述了氮沉降和CO_2浓度升高的背景数据,总结了细根对二者变化的响应,主要从细根的形态特征、解剖结构和生理功能方面入手,探讨了其对氮沉降和CO_2浓度升高的响应。结论如下:(1)大气氮沉降量一直处于上升状态,与人类活动密切相关的有机氮量所占比例逐渐加大,而无机氮中NH_4~-N和NO_3~-N的变化趋势表现不同;(2)大气CO_2浓度一直呈上升趋势,细根形态特征、解剖结构和生理功能对其表现出明显的响应;(3)树种、年龄、土壤类型等都会改变细根形态、解剖结构和生理功能对氮沉降和CO_2浓度升高的响应结果,但改变的程度不同。研究结果可为北方森林乃至温带森林生态系统功能对氮沉降和CO_2浓度升高的响应提供参考依据和数据支持。     

Community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Robinia pseudoacacia in uncontaminated and heavy metal contaminated soils

The significance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soil remediation has been widely recognized because of their ability to promote plant growth and increase phytoremediation efficiency in heavy metal (HM) polluted soils by improving plant nutrient absorption and by influencing the fate of the metals in the plant and soil. However, the symbiotic functions of AMF in remediation of polluted soils depend on plant–fungus–soil combinations and are greatly influenced by environmental conditions. To better understand the adaptation of plants and the related mycorrhizae to extreme environmental conditions, AMF colonization, spore density and community structure were analyzed in roots or rhizosphere soils of Robinia pseudoacacia. Mycorrhization was compared between uncontaminated soil and heavy metal contaminated soil from a lead–zinc mining region of northwest China. Samples were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) screening with AMF-specific primers (NS31 and AM1), and sequencing of rRNA small subunit (SSU). The phylogenetic analysis revealed 28 AMF group types, including six AMF families: Glomeraceae, Claroideoglomeraceae, Diversisporaceae, Acaulosporaceae, Pacisporaceae, and Gigasporaceae. Of all AMF group types, six (21%) were detected based on spore samples alone, four (14%) based on root samples alone, and five (18%) based on samples from root, soil and spore. Glo9 (Rhizophagus intraradices), Glo17 (Funneliformis mosseae) and Acau3 (Acaulospora sp.) were the three most abundant AMF group types in the current study. Soil Pb and Zn concentrations, pH, organic matter content, and phosphorus levels all showed significant correlations with the AMF species compositions in root and soil samples. Overall, the uncontaminated sites had higher species diversity than sites with heavy metal contamination. The study highlights the effects of different soil chemical parameters on AMF colonization, spore density and community structure in contaminated and uncontaminated sites. The tolerant AMF species isolated and identified from this study have potential for application in phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated areas.     

左右岸省界缓冲区水质达标评价方法研究

左右岸省界缓冲区作为协调省际间用水关系的重要水域,其水质达标评价及污染责任划分是流域限制纳污红线制度实施的重要内容。从左右岸省界缓冲区的相关概念出发,根据省份的位置关系将其分为缓冲区完全在两省省界上、缓冲区部分在两省省界上以及缓冲区在多省交界上三种情形,并结合左右岸省界缓冲区特点确定调整浓度核算法、代表断面判断法、限制排污总量-污染物入河量评估法等水质达标评价方法,以判断左右岸省份缓冲区的水质达标情况,从而划分缓冲区左右岸省份的污染责任。实例验证模拟显示,确定的方法切实可行,研究方法可为流域污染责任划分提供技术支撑,从而促进限制纳污制度的顺利实施。