晚实核桃新品种‘芹泉1号’

 ‘芹泉1号’为晚实核桃新品种, 果实较大, 壳薄, 光滑, 种仁饱满、色泽浅。单果质量10.3 g, 种壳厚1.18 mm, 内隔膜不发达, 取仁易, 出仁率55.20%。生长势健壮, 具有稳定的无融合生殖特性, 丰产优质, 抗逆性强, 适宜华北核桃产区及其相似土壤气候条件地区栽培。     

Breeding apomictic bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) with improved turf traits

The development of a turf‐type bahiagrass could have a remarkable impact on the billion‐dollar turf industry in the south‐eastern United States. The goals of this study were to (i) select bahiagrass genotypes with improved turf attributes and (ii) determine the reproductive mode and seed fertility of selected genotypes. The population included mutants, wild types, hybrids and standard cultivars evaluated at two locations for two years. Morphological variation was observed and clonal repeatability (H²) ranged from 0.27 to 0.90. Flowering was extremely reduced in some mutants, which also exhibited dark green colour, finer texture and reduced canopy height. Cytoembryological observations revealed that diploids reproduced sexually and tetraploids by obligate or facultative apomixis. Genotypes with superior seed fertility were identified, while others were comparable to the standard cultivars. While mutant plants exhibited great morphological variation, the random mutations did not affect their reproductive mode, validating the use of mutagenesis in apomictic species. The high H² indicated that selection for improved turf attributes could be successfully performed with the advantage of clonal seed propagation.     

植物无融合生殖发生因素解析及其在草地早熟禾育种中的应用前景展望

从遗传控制、环境影响、倍性影响、激素水平和矿物质调控以及无孢子起始细胞出现的时间和位置5个方面综述了影响植物无融合生殖胚发生发育的主要因素,旨在系统了解植物无融合生殖的发生机理。同时分析了草地早熟禾无融合生殖研究的现状和制约瓶颈,阐释和展望了无融合生殖方式在草地早熟禾育种中的优势所在、理论与应用价值和种质创制前景,使之为后续草地早熟禾优良新品种的选育和应用实践提供理论依据。     

不同化学药剂诱导玉米无融合生殖的研究

通过用不同浓度的化学药剂处理不同生育期的玉米自交系及杂交组合,从而诱导玉米无融合生殖的研究,我们发现几种试剂对诱导玉米的无融合生殖都能收到良好的效果,发生频率0%~54.8%。诱导后代出现丰富的变异类型。对稳定的无融合生殖突变系测交结果,表现出较高的配合力。     

甜菜无融合生殖单体附加系M14大孢子发生期间细胞壁胼胝质的变化

应用脱色苯胺蓝诱导荧光法观察了甜菜单体附加系M14（Beta vulgaris L., VV+1C、2n=18+1）正常有性生殖与二倍体孢子生殖时，大孢子发生期间细胞壁内胼胝质的变化，结果如下。韭型（Allium odorum-type）胚囊大孢子发生时，自大孢子母细胞的珠孔端细胞壁内出现胼胝质荧光，并逐渐扩展到整个细胞壁，中期Ⅰ至末期Ⅰ细胞壁呈现胼胝质荧光。二分体时，珠孔端大孢子细胞壁内胼胝质荧光消失，二分体之间的横壁以及合点端功能大孢子的侧壁上荧光明显。二倍体功能大孢子的合点端细胞壁内的胼胝质荧光消失。单核胚囊形成后，其细胞壁内无胼胝质荧光，而退化的大孢子细胞壁胼胝质荧光显著。蝶须型（Antennaria-type）胚囊大孢子发生时，大孢子母细胞、二倍体功能大孢子的细胞壁均无胼胝质荧光。蓼型（Polygonum-type）胚囊大孢子母细胞减数分裂时，其珠孔端细胞壁出现胼胝质荧光，并逐渐扩展到整个细胞壁。二分体、三分体、四分体时期，胼胝质荧光主要存在于大孢子之间的横壁上，侧壁内胼胝质荧光较弱。退化的大孢子细胞壁胼胝质荧光明显，功能大孢子细胞壁上缺少胼胝质荧光。此外，本文还讨论了大孢子母细胞减数分裂与细胞壁内沉积胼胝质之间的相关性。     

The inheritance of thornlessness from tissue culture-derived ‘Thornless evergreen’ blackberry

Summary Thornless Evergreen (TE) blackberry (Rubus laciniatus Willd.) is a tetraploid thornless periclinal chimera which produces thorny adventitious root suckers and breeds as if it were genetically thorny. Using tissue culture procedure, several pure thornless (non-chimeral) plants were obtained from TE. These tissue cultured-derived plants (TE_tc) were grown to maturity, flowered, hybridised with various thorny and thornless cultivars, and selfed. When TE and TE_tc were used as female parents, a high degree (ca 94%) of the seedlings were apomictic. However, both thorny and thornless sexual offspring occurred in all crosses. The thornless: thorny segregation ratios suggest that the thornless gene(s) of TE_tc is (are) dominant to the thorny alleles.     

Histological analysis of embryo-sac formation and detection of meiotic diplospory in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

Summary Embryo-sac formation in six cultivated Asian cassava clones and one unknown wild type, was histologically investigated to determine apomictic potential in the genus Manihot. All the 6 clones were found to possess one single sexual embryo-sac containing 6–8 nuclei at maturity. However, one clone, Rayong 3 possessed two functional embryo-sacs at 12 hours after controlled pollination (HACP). The larger embryo-sac was 6-nucleate (all 3 nuclei of the egg apparatus, 1 polar and 2 antipodal cells) and located towards the false micropylar or the nucellar beak region. The smaller embryo-sac also contained a total of 6 nuclei and approximately 10 m³ or 1/2 the volume of the former and located towards the chalazal pole. Percentage sexuality estimates indicated a 100% sexual reproduction in embryo-sacs of all the clones analysed. However, apomeiotic relationships indicate a low (0.3%) degree of meiotic diplosporous embryo-sac formation, thus suggesting facultative apomixis in cv. Rayong 3. This is the first embryological identification and evidence of apomeiosis and apomictic potential in cassava.Contribution from Plant Breeding Laboratory, Applied Genetics & Biotechnology Division, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, No. 91.     

Verification of the parthenogenetic capability of unreduced eggs in an alfalfa mutant by a progeny test based on morphological and molecular markers

Apomixis involves the parthenogenetic development of apomeiotic eggs. It has the potential of cloning plants through seed, and thus furnishes a unique opportunity in breeding of allogamous sexual species, such as alfalfa, for developing superior cultivars with permanently fixed heterosis. Apomixis as a whole has not been detected in the genus Medicago, but components of apomixis have been reported. The formation of unreduced eggs through diplosporic meiosis was documented in a diploid mutant of M. saliva ssp. falcata (L.) Arcang., named PG-F9. Since in facultative apomictic species non-reductional meiosis and parthenogenesis could be tightly associated processes, a progeny test based on morphological trait and molecular marker evaluation was carried out to verify the occurrence of parthenogenesis in PG-F9. Morphological traits such as leaf shape, stipule form, stem pigmentation and flower colour were shown to be effective in the preliminary screening of progenies and most of the plants were classified as non-maternal (i.e. from sexual reproduction). Molecular investigations by means of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprint and heterozygous restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci detection conducted on the progenies classified morphologically as maternal allowed two plants, molecularly similar but not identical to PG-F9, to be discovered. Owing to the high number of molecular markers conserved as in the mother plant, and because of the great discriminating efficiency of the primers and probes used, these progeny plants could most likely be generated through parthenogenesis of diplosporic eggs. In fact, the extraordinary preservation of maternal morphological traits and genomic loci over one generation may be explained only if apomictic reproductive events rarely took place in PG-F9.     

用SSR分子标记分析无融合生殖龙须草的遗传多样性

采用磁珠富集法构建龙须草微卫星文库,并开发出27对具有多态性的SSR引物,利用其中具有扩增差异的8对稳定的SSR引物,对龙须草11个居群和71个单株进行聚类分析。结果表明:居群间共检测到123个等位基因,每对引物可以稳定检测到6~34个多态性片段。居群间的遗传相似系数为0.70~0.97,聚类分析将11个居群划分为4个类群,表明龙须草大多数居群之间的分化程度较低,与无融合生殖的特性相吻合。采用UPGMA法将分散在龙须草11个居群的71个单株分为3个群,与以居群为单位的研究结果相近;但是,星子居群内的3个单株、洋县居群的1个单株分别与本居群亲缘关系较远并与其他居群亲缘关系较近,显示在这2个居群内不同单株间存在较大的遗传差异,这种差异可能是居群内单株间无融合生殖程度不同所致。因此,在这2个居群内可能存在有性生殖频度较高的单株。