保护性耕作拟合曲线型深松铲设计与试验

针对东北地区深松整地作业中,深松铲土壤扰动量和耕作阻力大的问题,以离散元(EDEM)软件仿真分析铲尖对土壤的作用为依据,设计了拟合曲线型深松铲。采用离散元软件模拟深松铲铲尖在土壤中的运动,获得铲尖上方土壤颗粒运动轨迹的拟合曲线和拟合方程,采用线元设计法对线形优化,获得铲柄外形曲线;同时设计了刃部、切削刃角、入土角,并通过铲柄与铲尖的互作效应试验验证了分层的可行性与合理性。土槽对比试验表明,拟合曲线型深松铲有效降低了土壤扰动量和耕作阻力,比折线式深松铲土壤扰动量减少了53.6%,耕作阻力减少了36.23%;比圆弧式深松铲土壤扰动量减少了66.18%,耕作阻力减少了29.18%。田间对比试验表明,拟合曲线型深松铲比折线式深松铲回土面积增加了81.03%,比圆弧式深松铲的回土面积增加了146.95%。土槽和田间试验表明,拟合曲线型深松铲土壤扰动量小、耕作阻力小,满足深松作业的要求。     

鲢幼鱼对不同气量气泡幕的趋避行为

研究鲢幼鱼在静水且黑暗处理下对不同气量气泡幕的响应,并观察发现其中的逃避行为,探究其在应对不同气量气泡幕时的行为策略及响应关系,为过鱼设施诱驱鱼手段的利用提供依据。鲢幼鱼体重(14.62±1.84)g、体长(11.68±0.56)cm。试验装置为自制钢混结构水槽,水槽中间位置底部铺设PVC管,上侧顶端布置小孔。气量设置:对照组0,试验组10、20、30、40、60、80、100和120 L/min。每次试验结束后更换试验鱼进行下一次试验。观察记录试验鱼在气泡幕前的折返情况、尝试距离和逃逸方式。结果表明:(1)对照组通过率(100%)显著高于试验组(平均53%),20、30 L/min时通过率最低,为40%;(2)对照组鲢幼鱼的尝试距离(229.6 cm)大于试验组的平均尝试距离(152.4 cm),对照组与30 L/min组之间鲢幼鱼尝试距离差异显著(P0.05),其他组间均无显著性差异(P0.05),30 L/min气量组鲢幼鱼的尝试距离最小;(3)鲢幼鱼对气泡幕的通过率与尝试距离呈正相关,30 L/min工况下鲢幼鱼的通过率与尝试距离相对应,均为所有试验组中最小;(4)鲢幼鱼的逃逸次数占比随着气量的增大而增加。声场和水流流场的耦合作用对鱼趋避气泡幕行为的影响需要进一步研究。     

长期施用不同肥料塿土PLFA指纹特征

【目的】土壤微生物群落结构的组成与活性的变化是衡量土壤肥力的重要指标,研究长期不同施肥和土壤管理方式对塿土微生物群落结构的影响,对于指导塿土施肥和土壤管理,实现农田可持续利用具有重要意义。【方法】以陕西杨凌“国家黄土肥力与肥料效益监测基地”长期肥料定位试验为基础,运用磷脂脂肪酸标记法（PLFA）,研究了塿土长期不同施肥及土地利用方式下土壤微生物群落结构及其与土壤理化性质的关系。处理包括：长期不施肥（CK）、单施氮肥（N）、长期配合施用氮钾（NK）、磷钾（PK）、氮磷（NP）、有机肥和氮磷钾（MNPK）以及长期休闲（FL）和撂荒（AB）。【结果】与对照相比,MNPK、NP和撂荒处理土壤总PLFA分别增加218.8%、73.9%和74.3%,细菌分别增加188.3%、80.8%和82.6%,真菌分别增加了315.8%、111.5%和167.0%,放线菌分别增加了23.7%、21.3%和16.3%,同时也显著增加了真菌/细菌比;N、NK和PK土壤总PLFA、细菌、真菌差异不显著,但PK显著降低放线菌的含量;与农田施肥相比,休闲和撂荒显著降低G+和G-含量。多样性指数结果表明,长期有机无机配施明显提高土壤微生物群落的Shannon-Winner多样性指数、Simpson优势度和Pielou均匀度指数,撂荒和NP也能显著增加Shannon-Winner多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数,而长期休闲处理均明显降低了这些指数。主成分分析表明,MNPK、NP、撂荒和休闲土壤微生物群落结构发生较大变化;MNPK显著提高G-（18:1ω5c,cy19:0ω7c）、细菌（16:0,10Me22:0饱和脂肪酸）及真核生物（18:3ω6c,16:3ω6c,22:2ω6c）的多度值,撂荒（AB）和NP显著提高细菌（15﹕0,18﹕0,22﹕0,17﹕0饱和脂肪酸）的多度值。RDA分析表明,土壤理化性质对微生物菌群影响的重要性依次为有机质＞全氮＞含水量＞速效磷＞pH＞容重＞速效钾,这些理化因子均是微生物生长的关键因子。【结论】长期有机无机肥配施、氮磷配施和撂荒提高了土壤微生物群落结构多样性,从而改善了土壤生态环境,而长期休闲不利于土壤生态系统的稳定和健康。     

旅游活动对草原植被、土壤环境的影响及控制对策

草原旅游是具有民族特色的旅游形式,越来越受到大众的青睐,随着草原旅游业的发展,旅游消费带来的环境问题日益突出。本文以前人的研究为基础,总结和分析了旅游活动对草原植被及土壤的影响。分析表明,旅游活动对草原植被、土壤的影响是客观存在的,由于旅游干扰,植被物种数量、植被覆盖度、丰富指数、均匀度指数、枯落物含量、土壤含水量、土壤养分及土壤微生物数量等降低,而土壤容重、pH值、紧实度等增加,且随着旅游活动干扰强度的增加,草原植被和土壤环境被影响的程度越大。以此为依据提出了建立草原植被资源数据库、现代土壤环境监测系统、植被修复技术、土壤改良技术、增加旅游特色区域等控制措施,以期为草原植被资源的保护和恢复及发展草原旅游提供参考。     

深松铲不同翼铲安装高度时土壤扰动行为仿真与试验

翼铲的安装高度是带翼深松铲的关键结构参数之一,其对深松土壤扰动行为产生重要影响。综合运用EDEM和室内土槽试验,研究了翼铲安装高度(55、75、95、115、135 mm)对深松土壤扰动行为的影响。结果表明:随着翼铲安装高度增加,耕后犁底层土壤扰动面积先增大后减小,在翼铲安装高度为75 mm时最大,水平耕作阻力逐渐减小,深松铲铲尖和犁底层圆弧段所受水平耕作阻力为深松铲水平耕作阻力的主要来源(90%以上),其随翼铲安装高度增大逐渐减小;翼铲安装高度直接影响耕作时不同深度土壤在不同方向的位移,当翼铲安装高度为75 mm时,深松铲纵向中心位置的各层土壤在耕作方向的最大位移相对较小,其犁底层土壤在竖直方向最大位移相对较大,表层和耕作层土壤在竖直方向最大位移相对较小;翼铲安装高度对土壤扰动效果产生重要影响,且离散元仿真能够准确模拟深松土壤的扰动过程,5个翼铲安装高度下土壤膨松度、土壤扰动系数、土壤碎土系数、土壤纵向堆积角的试验值和仿真值的平均误差分别为11.69%、11.54%、14.20%、9.64%。     

缙云山常绿阔叶林雪灾受损特征及影响因素

[目的]探讨西南地区亚热带常绿阔叶林在雪灾中的受损程度和特征,并分析其主要影响因素,为森林保护和管理提供科学参考。[方法]2016年1月23日雪灾后,在缙云山的常绿阔叶林、马尾松林和杉木林中分别设置调查样方,将样方中所有树木分为七个受损等级,确定样方内所有树高≥5 m个体在雪灾中的受损等级,并记录受损树木的胸径和所处地形的坡度,利用Pearson相关分析,分析胸径大小、坡度与树木受损之间的关系;计算不同森林类型受损指数,并利用单因素方差分析判断不同森林类型受损指数之间的差异。[结果]共调查了树木1 041株,受损树木占17.96%,其中轻度受损和重度受损个体占总受损个体比例分别为57.22%和42.78%。树木受损比例随胸径增加而增加;树木受损类型与胸径之间关系密切,断枝少个体比例与胸径显著正相关(P0.01),在轻度损伤中所占比例最高(55.22%),与之相反,倒伏个体比例与胸径显著负相关(P0.05),在重度损伤中所占比例最高(42.78%)。树木受损类型与坡度之间也有一定关系。随着坡度的增加,折断个体的比例逐渐上升,与坡度显著正相关(P0.01);另外随着坡度的增加,断枝多和倒伏个体的比例增加,树木受损程度加重。不同森林类型之间的受损程度差异显著(P0.05),受损指数结果为栲树林马尾松林杉木林。[结论]缙云山常绿阔叶林在此次雪灾中受到了一定的损害,胸径、坡度和森林类型是影响树木受损程度和类型的主要因素。小径级树木主要以压弯为主,中等径级个体主要以折断和倒伏为主,大径级个体主要以断枝为主。坡度较大的生境中的树木更易在雪灾中受到损害。常绿阔叶林(栲树林)在雪灾中的受损程度相比于常绿次生针叶林(马尾松林和杉木林)更大。本研究对亚热带常绿阔叶林在突发自然灾害中的保护和管理能提供一定的参考和指导。     

The relative importance of climatic gradient versus human disturbance in determining population structure of Afzelia africana in the Republic of Benin§

The study aimed to investigate the relative significance of effects of climatic variability and human disturbance on the population structure of the threatened species Afzelia africana Sm. ex Pers. in the Republic of Benin in West Africa. Forest inventory data such as regeneration density, tree diameter and total height were compiled from A. africana forest stands under different disturbance regimes in the three climatic zones of Benin. Multiple generalised linear models and non-linear diameter–height equations were fitted to contrast the individual effects of categorical variables, such as climatic zone and disturbance level. Results revealed significantly higher scaling coefficients in less drier regions and low-disturbance stands. The diameter–height relationship was more controlled by the climatic zone than by the disturbance level. Accordingly, the disturbance level contributed only to the intercept of the diameter–height model, whereas the climatic zone significantly influenced both intercept and slope. In addition, when climatic zone and disturbance level were considered as sources of variation in the diameter–height model, the former explained the greater marginal variance. It was concluded that climate has the greater effect on population structure of A. africana in natural stands.     

Forests,people and environment: some African perspectives§

Forests in Africa support the livelihoods of millions of people through provision of timber and non-timber forest products, food and nutrition, energy and payment of environmental services. However, mismanagement of forests has resulted in deforestation and forest degradation, thereby contributing to the increased emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This special issue highlights some of the research outcomes presented at a pre-congress workshop organised by the African Forest Forum and partners at the 2015 World Forestry Congress. In this issue, the main drivers of land degradation are highlighted vis-à-vis population growth, agricultural expansion, climate variability, drought and energy needs. Promising traditional management practices are identified including age-old farmer-managed natural regeneration and exclosures. In addition, research presented indicates that age-old systems such as native non-browse shrubs in Ethiopia are important in that they facilitate regeneration of late-successional tree species. Furthermore, opportunities for using forests to mitigate climate change are highlighted with a case study on the economics associated with carbon markets. The issue also highlights the methodological challenges of quantifying carbon in African forests. The effect of climate change on threatened forest species and biodiversity in general is discussed, and the associated human disturbances impacting on the population structure of a threatened species, e.g. Afzelia africana in West Africa, is presented. The important role of non-timber forest products in income generation for the rural communities and the associated challenges of commercialisation is emphasised with examples from two important tree species: shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) and baobab (Adansonia digitata). Finally, the issue covers a people-centred approach in tree planting and management where studies demonstrated that there are still problems of poor participation of local communities due to poor implementation of enabling policies, lack of involvement in initial planning and subsequent lack of clear benefit-sharing mechanisms.     

Successive Approximation by Cascade Auto Disturbance Rejection Controller

An algorithm of parameter identification by model compensation auto disturbance rejection controller is given. It is very efficient to the parameter identification problems of low order systems. At the same time it is not easy to get satisfying parameters of the extended state observer when the order of the controlled system is high. To solve the above problem, we combine in this paper the auto disturbance rejection controller constructed by cascade extended state observer(CESO) with the algorithm of successive approximation. Simulations show it can identify the parameter of systems with known structure effectively. In the meantime, the parameters of CESO are much easier to adjust than those of the former ESO when it is applied to high order systems.     

Anthropogenic influences on changes in the sediment load of the Yellow River,China, during the Holocene

Using data on formation of the Loess Plateau of central China,loess-palaeosol sequences,pollen analysis. historical geography,and long-term experimentation on rates of soil erosion,it is demonstrated that current srious erosion on the Loess Plateau is mai