中度火干扰对白桦落叶松混交林土壤理化性质的影响

应用空间代替时间的方法对大兴安岭林区白桦落叶松混交林1982-2007年的中度火烧迹地土壤理化性质变化进行研究.结果表明:火后土壤密度增加,土壤孔隙度和土壤含水率降低,但是变化幅度将随着时间的推移逐渐缩小,并在火烧后第20年将接近火烧前水平;火烧后A层和B层土壤有机质均呈降低趋势,A层的降幅逐渐缩小直到火烧后20年比火烧前水平大幅增加;火后土壤A层和B层全磷含量均呈增加趋势,土壤全氮在A层基本也呈增加趋势,B层随火后时间呈波动变化,无明显规律;土壤有效磷含量变化星先降低后增加的趋势;A层土壤速效钾含量的变化基本呈增加趋势,但随时间增加幅度减小,而B层的变化无规律;A层土壤水解氮含量变化呈增加趋势,而B层的变化则与速效钾在B层的变化相似,无明显规律.此研究旨在找出火烧后随时间的推移土壤理化性质的动态变化规律,为火烧迹地的改造和生态恢复提供科学依据.     

How management strategies have affected Atlantic White-cedar forest recovery after massive wind damage in the Great Dismal Swamp

In September 2003 Hurricane Isabel swept through eastern North Carolina and Virginia, destroying most of what formerly ranked among the most extensive remaining stands of Atlantic White-cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides L., cedar). As Atlantic White-cedar communities are dependent on irregular, large-scale disturbances, the hurricane event can be viewed as an opportunity for perpetuating cedar populations in the Great Dismal Swamp. The success of cedar regeneration in the Dismal Swamp has been influenced by the management strategies employed by Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge (active management) and by the adjacent Dismal Swamp State Park (passive management). We investigated the regeneration success of Atlantic White-cedar 5 years following Hurricane Isabel by sampling five stands at the Dismal Swamp State Park withstanding varying impact from the storm and previous windthrow events. We compared our findings to regeneration surveys completed at the adjacent Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge. Atlantic White-cedar seedling densities were up to 100 times higher in the actively managed Wildlife Refuge compared to the passively managed State Park. We also determined the seedbank of viable cedar seeds and we described the vegetation at the State Park. The stands at the State Park are now dominated by red maple (Acer rubrum) with a dense shrubby understory. Since viable cedar seeds were still present in the seedbank (>800,000 ha⁻¹), future seedling establishment is possible at the State Park. However, active management is essential for achieving sufficient seedling densities and survival for regenerating a mature cedar stand.     

Intensive tree planting facilitates tropical forest biodiversity and biomass accumulation in Kibale National Park, Uganda

The extensive area of degraded tropical land and the calls to conserve forest biodiversity and sequester carbon to offset climate change demonstrate the need to restore forest in the tropics. Deforested land is sometimes replanted with fast-growing trees; however, the consequences of intensive replanting on biomass accumulation or plant and animal diversity are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine how intensive replanting affected tropical forest regeneration and biomass accumulation over ten years. We studied reforested sites in Kibale National Park, Uganda, that were degraded in the 1970s and replanted with five native tree species in 1995. We identified and measured the size of planted versus naturally regenerating trees, and felled and weighed matched trees outside the park to calculate region-specific allometric equations for above-ground tree biomass. The role of shrubs and grasses in facilitating or hindering the establishment of trees was evaluated by correlating observed estimates of percent cover to tree biomass. We found 39 tree species naturally regenerating in the restored area in addition to the five originally planted species. Biomass was much higher for planted (15,675 kg/ha) than naturally regenerated trees (4560 kg/ha), but naturally regenerating tree regrowth was an important element of the landscape. The establishment of tree seedlings initially appeared to be facilitated by shrubs, primarily Acanthus pubescens and the invasive Lantana camara; however, both are expected to hinder tree recruitment in the long-term. Large and small-seeded tree species were found in the replanted area, indicating that bird and mammal dispersers contributed to natural forest restoration. These results demonstrate that intensive replanting can accelerate the natural accumulation of biomass and biodiversity and facilitate the restoration of tropical forest communities. However, the long-term financial costs and ecological benefits of planting and maintaining reforested areas need to be weighed against other potential restoration strategies.     

西双版纳国家级自然保护区森林干扰因素及其干扰度评价

通过对西双版纳国家级自然保护区人为干扰现状分析,采用相对值法评价森林干扰度。评价结果显示:西双版纳国家级自然保护区森林干扰度值为6.48,勐腊、尚勇、勐养、勐仑、曼搞子保护区的森林干扰程度值分别为6.38、6.87、6.44、6.49、6.23;干扰程度总体处于"轻度干扰"状态。     

旅游干扰对祁连山风景区土壤性质的影响

本研究以祁连山大野口风景区为研究对象,初步探讨了旅游干扰对该区域土壤性质的影响。研究结果表明:祁连山风景区游客主要集中在5—8月,游客大多选择自驾游方式,以野炊、烧烤式旅游为主。旅游活动对核心区表层土壤的pH、体积质量、含水量及有机质影响较大。随着旅游活动干扰程度的降低,0~10 cm土层土壤pH逐渐上升,10~20 cm土层pH变化不大。土壤体积质量表现出:核心区缓冲区背景区,而土壤含水量则为:背景区缓冲区核心区。核心区和缓冲区土壤表层有机质含量受游客活动影响较大,显著低于背景区,分别占背景区的63.6%和60.1%。表层土壤全氮、全磷、全钾含量均表现出:背景区缓冲区核心区,而10~20 cm土层全量含量差异不大。不同区域土壤速效养分0~10 cm土层含量高于10~20 cm土层含量。核心区表层土壤水解氮、速效磷含量偏高,而深层土壤速效磷含量较高。各个有效微量元素在0~10 cm土层含量普遍高于10~20 cm土层,且在核心区含量均较高。     

Nitrogen conservation in soil and crop residues as affected by crop rotation and soil disturbance under Mediterranean conditions

We investigated conservation and cycling of N under oat–oat and lupine–oat rotations in disturbed and undisturbed soil, when roots or roots plus aboveground residues were retained. Crop residues were labelled with ¹⁵N in Year 1, and differential soil disturbance was imposed after harvest. In Year 2, plant growth, N transfer from residue into the various sinks of the second crop (plant, soil, and residual residues), and changes in microbial activity and numbers were determined. Oat biomass was greater after lupine than after oat due to differences in supply of N from these residues. Buried residues of both crops appeared to decompose faster than when left on the soil surface. Lupine residues decomposed faster than oat residues. Oat biomass was not affected by soil disturbance if grown after lupine but decreased when oat straw was buried in the soil. More residue N was recovered from soil than from the crop. Most ¹⁵N was recovered from disturbed soil, which also had greater dehydrogenase activity and more culturable fungi. At the end of the oat–oat rotation, 20 and 5 kg N ha⁻¹ were derived from the roots of the first crop in undisturbed or disturbed soil, respectively. Equivalent values for the lupine–oat rotation were 18 and 44 kg N ha⁻¹. Returning aboveground residues provided an extra 52–80 kg N ha⁻¹ for oat and 61–63 kg N ha⁻¹ for lupine relative to treatments where they were removed. Over a year, lupine contributed 9 to 20 kg N ha⁻¹ more to the agroecosystem than did oat.     

Effects of human activity on the foraging behavior of sanderlings Calidris alba

Urbanization and coastal development has dramatically reduced the beach habitat available for foraging shorebirds worldwide. This study tested the general hypothesis that recreational use of shorebird foraging areas adversely affects the foraging behavior of sanderlings Calidris alba. Observations conducted on two central California beaches from January through May and September through December of 1999 showed that number and activity of people significantly reduced the amount of time sanderlings spent foraging. Although the sample size was low, the most significant negative factor was the presence of free running dogs on the beach. The experimentally determined minimal approach distance did not vary significantly with the type of human activities tested. Based on these results, policy recommendations for minimizing the impact of human beach activities on foraging shorebirds include: (1) people maintain a minimum distance of 30 m from areas where shorebirds concentrate and (2) strict enforcement of leash laws.     

Little effect of forest age on oribatid mites on the bark of trees

This study investigates the effect of forest age (20-, 50-, 160-year-old, and primeval forest) on oribatid mite communities on the bark of oak trees in the National Park Pusza Białowieża in eastern Poland. We hypothesized that oribatid mite diversity on bark peaks at forests of intermediate age and that the number of parthenogenetic species of oribatid mites is highest in young stands. In contrast to these hypotheses, the diversity, density, number of juveniles, community structure and the mode of reproduction of oribatid mite species were not significantly affected by forest age. None of the oribatid mite species occurred exclusively on trees of a specific age. The results suggest that oribatid mite communities on the bark of trees are minimally affected by tree harvesting regimes. In contrast to oribatid mites in soil, communities on bark appear to be less sensitive to disturbances.     

云南金沙江流域退化天然林干扰成因及退化类型探讨

对云南金沙江流域受干扰退化后有代表性的天然植被类型进行调查，分析了导致天然林退化的干扰成因，探讨了该区域强度过伐林、恢复初期的天然次生林、疏林、灌木林以及破坏严重的退化生态系统的退化类型。把人为干扰程度分为微度干扰、轻度干扰、中度干扰和强度干扰等4个等级。对退化天然林类型进行划分，包括微度退化的林分24类，轻度退化的林分类型14类，中度退化林分14类，重度退化林分19类。表2参16     

扬州瘦西湖公园绿地空间格局与结构的量化研究

采用遥感图像判读和野外调查相结合的方法,定量分析扬州瘦西湖公园绿地的空间格局及植物群落的物种结构。结果表明:扬州瘦西湖公园共有绿地斑块230个,而斑块形状指数Ips≥1.50的绿地斑块为105个,绿地斑块形状受人为干扰程度较大。绿地景观类型较多,多样性指数较高。植被的生长状况良好;物种丰富,其中垂柳、桃、意杨、枫杨在树木株数和相对优势度上均占优势;植被在高度和胸径上的分布均表现为具有向上发展的潜力,属于发挥生态效益的最佳时期。扬州瘦西湖公园的树种多度与基于叶面积的相对优势度之间无明显关联,数量上占优势的树种,其相对优势度不一定很高。植被树木株数与不同树高等级间的分布关系表现为随着树木高度级的增加,树木株数相应减少;树木株数分布与不同胸径等级间的关系也呈现类似的情况。