邻域距离对细胞自动机模型模拟土地利用变化精度的影响

细胞自动机原理广泛应用于土地利用变化空间模拟。邻域距离是细胞自动机模型的主要参数,但在以往研究中讨论较少。该研究利用土地利用变化模型（CLUE-S）邻域模拟模块,以北京市密云县1991－2004年的土地利用变化模拟为例,研究了模型中不同邻域距离参数对土地利用空间变化模拟精度的影响。基于1991年真实土地利用数据,选择200、400、600、1 000和1 200 m的邻域距离在两种邻域形状下分别模拟了2004年土地利用空间分布。通过2004年实际土地利用空间数据和模拟数据比较,利用kappa系数评价模拟结果精度。结果表明,在两种邻域形状下,邻域距离的变化对模拟结果精度都有较大影响。环状邻域距离的增大会导致模拟精度的降低,面状邻域距离的增大则导致模拟精度先增后降。不同土地类型对邻域距离变化的敏感程度和反应皆不相同。今后在土地利用变化模型应用中,对细胞自动机模型的验证过程中需考虑对邻域距离的研究和讨论。     

西藏农村远程教育与信息服务体系发展对策研究

西藏农村远程教育与信息服务体系是实现西藏农牧业跨越式和可持续发展、增加农牧民收入和促进农村经济、文化快速发展的重要平台。在基于西藏农牧业教育、农村信息化建设的现状的条件下,通过对农村远程教育与信息化服务所面临的主要问题的分析,提出了西藏农村远程教育与信息服务体系发展的对策。     

吉林省农民远程教育技术及发展研究

吉林省农民远程教育事业经过近10年的发展,已形成三大平台、三大网络、一条线的服务格局。集卫星网传输技术、互联网技术、电话网技术、电视网技术与计算机技术为一体的农民远程教育平台不断发展、完善,现已培训农民达1 000多万人次,取得了较好的社会效益。重点介绍了吉林省农民远程教育的现状、主要技术应用现状、取得的成果、存在的问题及下一步工作的设想等方面的初探性研究。     

Maximum foraging ranges in solitary bees: only few individuals have the capability to cover long foraging distances

To preserve populations of endangered bee species, sound knowledge of their maximum foraging distance between nest and host plants is crucial. Previous investigations predicted maximum foraging distances of 100-200 m for small bee species and up to 1100 m for very large species based on mainly indirect methods. The present study applied a new and direct approach to experimentally investigate maximum foraging distances in solitary bees. One endangered and two common species of different body sizes, all of which restrict pollen foraging to a single plant genus, were established in a landscape lacking their specific host plants. Females were forced to collect pollen on potted host plants that were successively placed in increasing distance from fixed nesting stands. The maximum foraging distance recorded for the small Hylaeus punctulatissimus was 1100 m, for the medium sized Chelostoma rapunculi 1275 m and for the large Hoplitis adunca 1400 m, indicating that maximum foraging distances at species level have been underestimated. However, the capability to use resources on such a large spatial scale applied only to a small percentage of individuals as 50% of the females of H. punctulatissimus and H. adunca did not forage at distances longer than 100-225 m and 300 m, respectively. This finding suggests that a close neighbourhood of nesting and foraging habitat within few hundred meters is crucial to maintain populations of these species, and that threshold distances at which half of the population discontinues foraging are a more meaningful parameter for conservation practice than the species specific maximum foraging distances.     

Effects of wind turbines and other physical elements on field utilization by pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus): A landscape perspective

The effects of wind turbines and other physical landscape elements on field utilization by wintering pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus) were studied in a Danish farmland landscape. Within the study area geese were feeding on pastures, which together with cereals were the main crop types. Apart from wind turbines a variety of potentially disturbing landscape elements was present, e.g., high-power lines, windbreaks, roads and settlements. Patterns of field use were assessed by measuring goose dropping densities along transects perpendicular to wind farms (with turbines in clusters and in lines) and other landscape elements. Local effects were expressed in terms of `avoidance distance', i.e., the distance from a given landscape element to the point at which 50% of maximal dropping density was reached. The spatial distribution of landscape elements within an eight km radius from the goose roost was determined from aerial photographs. The area occupied by various elements, together with the adjacent zones which were not available to geese due to their associated avoidance distances, were quantified using Geographic Information System (GIS).The avoidance distance of wind farms with turbines in lines and in clusters were ca 100 m and ca 200 m, respectively. Geese did not enter the area between turbines within the cluster. At the landscape level, the combined effect of physical elements other than wind turbines caused an effective loss of 68% of the total field area (40 km²). Wind turbines caused an additional loss of 4% of the field area. However, of the remaining area available to geese (13 km²), wind turbines caused a loss of 13% of the total area. The habitat loss per turbine was higher for the wind farm with turbines arranged in a large cluster than for wind farms with turbines in small clusters or lines. This difference was mainly due to the fact that wind farms in small clusters or with a linear layout were generally placed close to roads or other elements with existing associated avoidance zones, whereas the large cluster was placed in the open farmland area. The avoidance zones associated with physical elements in the landscape do not take into account possible synergistic effects and, hence, actual field areas affected are likely to be minimum estimates. Implications of these findings for planning of wind farms in areas of conservation interest to geese are discussed.     

Relationship Between Heterosis and Parental Genetic Distance Based on Molecular Markers for Functional Genes Related to Yield Traits in Rice

The genetic distances among 18 cytoplasmic male sterile lines and 11 restorer lines were analyzed with molecular markers derived from yield-related functional genes.The correlation between parental genetic distance and heterosis was investigated by analyzing the performance of 47 combinations.The results showed that the genetic distance was significantly correlated with yield heterosis(r=0.29*),but not significantly correlated with heterosis for other traits,such as number of effective panicles per plant,se...     

群体遗传结构的理解

一个植物种群体的空间分布大致可划分为两类 :离散分布与连续分布。然而隐藏在这种表观物理分布内部的遗传变异是十分复杂的。这种变异是如何分布的呢 ?这种分布又是如何维持的呢 ?因此 ,认识一个种的群体遗传结构有助于我们理解该种的进化过程 ,并提供为遗传资源保护做出决策的重要信息。本文对三大经典遗传结构模型 (岛屿模型、步石模型及距离隔离模型 )与渐变群理论及它们的异体和发展进行了详细的分析和评述。目前获得的许多不同类型的遗传标记使这些理论的应用得到不同程度的实现 ,但由于这些理论结论涉及到许多假设 ,在实际应用时应十分慎重。作者认为许多已建立的适合于动物群体遗传结构理论不能简单地直接应用于植物群体上 ,今后一个重要的研究内容就是要建立适合于植物群体的遗传结构理论     

湟中马血清酯酶多态性的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对青海省湟中县９１匹马血清酯酶的多态性进行了研究。结果发现：①湟中马的血清酯酶受ＥＳ＾Ｆ，ＥＳ＾Ｉ，ＥＳ＾Ｓ和ＥＳ＾Ｏ４个等位基因的控制，其基因频率分别为０．４４５０，０．５３３０，０．０１１０和０．０１１０；②在被检湟中马的ＥＳ位点上共发现ＥＳ Ｆ，ＥＳ ＦＩ，ＥＳ Ｉ，ＥＳ ＩＳ和ＥＳ Ｏ五种表型，以ＥＳ ＦＩ为优势表型（４７．２５％）；③ＥＳ等位基因频率无性别差异；④     

花生品种抗黄1号高产栽培技术

采用播期(A)、穴粒数(B)、穴距(C)、纯氮量(D)四因素三水平的正交试验设计,研究抗黄1号的高产配套栽培技术,试验结果表明,各因素的产量效应排序为C>A>B>D,穴距和播期是影响抗黄1号产量的关键因子,其次是穴粒数,影响最小的是纯氮量。最优处理组合为A3B3C1D1,同时,还就各因素对产量结构、植株性状、生育进程等生理特性的影响作了简要分析。     

长输油气管道的焊接技术

介绍了国内外输油气管道的三种主要焊接方法,重点分析了国内近几年新建管道不同焊接方法的使用情况,同时对不同焊接方法的选用和管材与焊接材料的选用匹配进行了探讨和研究.