几种植物生长调控剂对油菜的生物学效应

以杂交油菜秦油２ 号和普通油菜中油８２１ 为试验材料，研究了在施硼砂的基础上喷施植物生长调控剂对油菜的生物学效应－ 结果表明：喷施多效唑（ＭＥＴ）使油菜叶片的气孔数、有效荚果数大幅度增加，对千粒重影响不明显，但使荚果内的表现粒数明显减少，尤其使秦油２ 号的成棵率极显著降低，且减产达显著水平；喷施８０２ 使油菜的有效荚果数和千粒重增加，但使叶片的气孔数和荚果内的表现粒数减少，增产效果不显著；喷施增产菌除使千粒重有增加的趋势外，但使中油８２１ 的成棵率极显著降低，增产效果也不显著     

一种树的存储结构

采用静态数组的方式给出树的一种存储结构，并给出这种存储结构下的几种常用运逄的Ｃ语言程序，这种存储结构避开了链式存储结构中链域个数不定的困难，容易用ＦｏｘＢＡＳＥ等关系型数据库来实现相应的运算，可以将二叉树与树统一起来处理。     

Tree Diversity,Carbon Storage,and Soil Nutrient in an Old‐Growth Forest at Changbai Mountain,Northeast China

Abstract

The study of plant diversity and its role in ecosystem functioning is becoming a central issue in ecology. The relationships between carbon storage and tree diversity of natural forest at small scale are still unclear. This research investigated these relationships in an old‐growth forest at Changbai Mountain, Northeast China. It was found that at small scale, tree carbon storage generally increases with increasing tree species richness, but for stands with same species richness, tree carbon storage varies dramatically. At the small scale, tree species evenness has a significantly linear relationship with nature logarithm of total tree carbon storage. The stand carbon storage of trees is mainly controlled by stand tree composition. Fraxinus mandshurica, Pinus koraiensis, Quercus mongolica, Tilia amurensis, and Acer mono contribute more than 85% of stand carbon storage of trees. Stands with similar tree composition at small scale have different soil organic carbon storage and nutrient contents. Tree species evenness has great impact on soil N content at the soil horizon less than 30 cm deep, but its impacts on C/N, P, K, and S contents are small. Tree density has a negative linear relationship with soil organic C and C∶N ratio at the soil horizon is less than 30 cm deep. The implication of our findings here for carbon sequestration in the Kyoto Protocol is also discussed.     

山地杏树栽培管理

山地杏树栽培应注意土肥水管理、整形修剪、生长期管理、病虫害防治几个关键环节,根据多年的生产实践现介绍几点经验,以供生产经营者参考。     

茄子离体叶片光系统Ⅱ的冷激胁迫效应及热力学分析

 以耐冷性较强的短把黑圆茄和耐热性较强的黑帅圆茄为试材，经冷激胁迫后采用植物效率仪PEA，进行快速叶绿素荧光参数测定，并利用最大光化学效率Fv/F m和活性中心RC/CSo的标准状态变性自由能变△GD进行PSⅡ冷稳定性的热力学分析。随着冷激胁迫温度的降低和时间的延长，PSⅡ的Fv/Fm、实际光化学效率ΔF/Fm′、RC/CSo呈"S"型下降趋势；单位反应中心DIo/RC和非光化学猝灭qN呈"S"型上升趋势；综合分析反映出冷激胁迫下PSⅡ反应中心的可逆失活和依赖于叶黄素循环的热耗散的双重机制在保护PSⅡ防止光抑制中起到重要作用。另外，通过两品种间PSⅡ行为差异，引入了两组新的参数作为便于直观比较冷胁迫的评价指标。黑帅圆茄Fv/Fm、ΔF/Fm＇的半衰温度T1/2和t1/2值分别高于短把黑圆茄1.4 ℃和0.8 ℃。茄子叶片Fv/Fm和RC/CSo的△GD随着冷激胁迫温度的降低而减少呈瀑布型的下降趋势。黑帅圆茄的△GD值和变性中点温度Tm都低于短把黑圆茄。它们均反映出黑帅圆茄的耐冷性低于短把黑圆茄。     

棉铃虫脂肪酸结合蛋白的克隆与表达

为深入了解棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera脂肪酸结合蛋白HaFABP1在参与细胞内脂肪酸代谢过程中的功能,基于酵母单杂交结果从幼虫中肠cDNA中扩增得到HaFABP1的开发阅读框,构建重组菌株BL21-pET28a-HaFABP1,进行融合蛋白His-HaFABP1的诱导和纯化,并利用实时荧光定量PCR检测棉铃虫不同时期和组织中HaFABP1的表达规律,最后检测2-十三烷酮处理下棉铃虫6龄幼虫中肠组织内HaFABP1的变化情况。结果显示,克隆获得的棉铃虫HaFABP1为405 bp,编码134个氨基酸,相对分子量和等电点分别为15.08 kD和5.54;在37℃下用0.5 mmol/L异丙基硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导重组菌株4 h后,得到约18.4 kD的可溶性蛋白His-HaFABP1,纯化后的融合蛋白条带单一且大小符合预期;HaFABP1在棉铃虫的脂肪体、中肠、体壁和头部中都有表达,在头部的表达量最低,在中肠中的表达量最高;HaFABP1在棉铃虫幼虫的每个发育时期都有表达,表达量总体呈现先降低后升高的趋势,4龄时最低而1龄时最高;10 mg/g 2-十三烷酮处理饲料饲喂棉铃虫6龄幼虫6 h和15 h后,中肠内HaFABP1的表达量与对照相比显著提高,且随着时间的延长逐渐增加。表明HaFABP1与棉铃虫的生长发育有关,并且有可能参与了昆虫的解毒过程。     

Predicting Carbon Stocks Following Reforestation of Pastures: A Sampling Scenario‐Based Approach for Testing the Utility of Field‐Measured and Remotely Derived Variables

Reforestation of agricultural lands is an important means of restoring land and sequestering carbon (C). At large scales, the labour and costs of direct measurement of ecosystem responses can be prohibitive, making the development of models valuable. Here, we develop a new sampling scenario‐based modelling approach coupled with Bayesian model averaging to build predictive models for absolute values in mixed‐species woody plantings and differences from their adjacent pasture, for litter stocks, soil C stocks and soil C:N ratios. Modelling scenarios of increasing data availability and effort were tested. These included variables that could be derived without a site visit (e.g. location, climate and management) that were sampled in the adjacent pasture (e.g. soil C and nutrients) or were sampled in the environmental planting (e.g. vegetation, litter properties, soil C and nutrients). The predictive power of models varied considerably among C variables (litter stocks, soil C stocks and soil C:N ratios in tree plantings and their differences to their adjacent pastures) and the model scenarios used. The use of a sampling scenario‐based approach to building predictive models shows promise for monitoring changes in tree plantings, following reforestation. The approach could also be readily adapted to other contexts where sampling effort for predictor variables in models is a major potential limitation to model utilization. This study demonstrates the benefit of exploring scenarios of data availability during modelling and will be especially valuable where the sampling effort differs greatly among variables. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

氯虫苯甲酰胺和氟虫腈对黏虫细胞色素P450基因表达的影响

为筛选出黏虫Mythimna separata参与杀虫剂解毒代谢的主效细胞色素P450基因,采用叶片浸渍法测定了用于处理黏虫3龄幼虫的亚致死浓度,通过构建转录组测序文库并结合数字基因表达(digital gene expression,DGE)对不同处理的黏虫进行测序,并运用实时荧光定量PCR(realtime quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-qPCR)技术验证12个P450基因的表达情况。结果表明,用于处理黏虫的氯虫苯甲酰胺和氟虫腈亚致死浓度LC_(10)分别为0.15、13.66 mg/L;对照样品、氟虫腈处理样品和氯虫苯甲酰胺处理样品分别获得59 521 504、64 838 148和41 722 990个原始序列数据,分别获得57 441 216、62 368 912和40 285 164个过滤后的序列数据;过滤后的序列长度分别为8.62、9.36和6.04 G;碱基错误率均为0.02%;Phred数值大于20、30的碱基占总碱基的百分比均高于90.59%;鸟嘌呤+胞嘧啶(guanine cytosine,GC)含量分别为47.16%、48.94%和47.55%,表明转录组测序质量较高;黏虫受氯虫苯甲酰胺胁迫后,29个P450基因表达量上调,27个P450基因表达量下调;黏虫受氟虫腈胁迫后,23个P450基因表达量上调,26个P450基因表达量下调;12个P450基因表达量的RT-qPCR技术检测结果与DGE测序文库显示的结果基本一致。     

世界苹果属植物的起源演化研究新进展

引用了瓦维诺夫Ｎ．Ｉ．Ｖａｖｉｌｏｖ，兰格菲尔德Ｖ．Ｔ．Ｌａｎｇｅｎｆｅｌｄ，斯泰司Ｃ．Ａ．Ｓｔａｃｅ 及俞德浚等关于苹果属等植物种、属起源和演化的学说，结合作者对世界苹果属植物今昔的自然分布和分类的研究工作，论证了世界苹果属植物的起源演化的中心位于中国的西南四川、云南、贵州三省。但不是苹果属的祖先种皆起源于该地或亚洲东南的亚热带地区，有不少种是直接起源于今天的北温带—它们过去在第三纪曾经有过亚热带气候。作者认为兰格菲尔德所作关于苹果属植物起源演化的系统发育树图谱中的六个分枝，都是指的次生遗传基因中心，而苹果属植物的初生遗传多样化中心是与其近缘的花揪属、梨属和山楂属相融合的。由于苹果属现代大多数的种都集中在中国西南云、贵、川三省，其中含有古老的多胜海棠等种类，因此将该地区视为苹果属的初生基因中心，是符合Ｃ．Ａ．Ｓｔａｃｅ 和Ｖ．Ｔ．Ｌａｎｇｅｎｆｅｌｄ 关于属的起源中心定位学说的，但苹果属古代的起源中心位置是否与现代起源中心位置相符，值得再行研究     

草地贪夜蛾到底有多“贪”

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda被认为是世界上最具破坏性的害虫之一。其巨大的破坏性主要源于其具有贪吃、贪育、贪婪、广适、耐药等特性。治"贪"就是要利用它的贪性发展出一系列的治理措施和技术,使得其贪性难以发挥,将其种群密度控制在经济为害水平以下,以保障作物生产和生态安全。