全射流喷头水力尺寸对运转可靠性

从研究全射流喷头水力尺寸与可靠性的关系入手，寻找提高产品可靠性的方法。提出了影响喷头工作稳定可靠性的主要因素为主射流的附壁时间及主射流的附壁力。探讨了接嘴插拔深度及其内孔直径、作用区位差S、盖板出口位差H1和H2、出口间隙C等关键水力尺寸及其相互之间配合对主射流附壁时间及主射流的附壁力的影响，进而得出对喷头可靠性的影响。最后得出要使喷头运转稳定可靠，需对喷头的水力尺寸进行深入的研究，找出水力尺寸间的最佳组合。     

Irrigation scheduling in a mature peach orchard using tensiometers and dendrometers

Three trickle irrigation schedules, two of which were scheduled according to soil water potential ( soil) (tensiometer method) and daily stem contraction (DSC) (dendrometer method) respectively and the other one was a schedule of restricted water supply, were applied to a mature peach orchard.The annual water application based on soil was greater than that based on DSC. However, tree growth, fruit size and leaf water potential (leaf) on the trees in the dendrometer scheduling plot did not differ from those in the tensiometer scheduling plot while the premature fruit drop and fruit bud initiation were greatly different. The restricted water supply treatment limited significantly both tree and fruit growth. In addition, the lower leaf was observed on the trees in this plot.Further study shows that use of the dendrometer method for scheduling irrigation satisfies the water needs of the plant and that the tensiometer method is less accurate.Abbreviations leaf leaf water potential - soil soil water potential - DSC daily stem contraction - LVDT linear variable displacement transducer - PET potential evapotranspiration     

发动机曲轴的损伤及修复

介绍了发动机曲轴的运行环境,分析了发动机曲轴的损伤形式、损伤部位及特点,简述了曲轴技术状况的检查方法.针对发动机曲轴的损伤程度和不同的损伤类型,给出了修理尺寸法、堆焊、电弧喷涂、电刷镀和手工电弧焊修复工艺,并对堆焊和电刷镀修复工艺进行了详尽地介绍和分析.     

Design and Performance Analysis of Low Pressure Irrigation Distribution Systems

Low-pressure pipe distribution systems forsurface irrigation provide both off- andon-farm recognized environmental benefits.However, expected benefits can only beattained when adequacy, dependability andequity of systems are high enough tosupport appropriate conditions for wateruse on the farm. An innovative methodologyfor design and analysis is proposed anddescribed, which includes the generation ofthe demand at the scale of the distributionsystem and, consequently, the generation ofthe flow regimes expected during a givenperiod of time, generally the peak month.These flow regimes are utilized for theoptimization of pipe sizes using theiterative discontinuous method for severalflow regimes. The performance analysis isdeveloped through the system simulationwith several flow regimes, which allow thecomputation of the system adequacy,dependability and equity. An application toone sector of the Sorraia irrigation systemillustrates the usefulness of themethodology proposed.     

The impact of increasing farm size and mechanization on rural income and rice production in Zhejiang province,China

Economic growth in China’s agricultural sector lags behind growth in industry and services, creating an ever widening rural–urban income gap. Development of the non-agricultural sectors offers new opportunities for farmers in China’s more advanced provinces such as Zhejiang. Increased income in the urban sector creates markets for new products, and migrating farmers rent their land to those staying. Until now, the prevailing rice-based systems have been managed mainly using manual labour and animal traction, but the larger farms resulting from migration may facilitate, or even require mechanization. In this study, we use a simulation model of the farm household to analyse the effects of increasing farm size and the transition from rice to vegetable production, while also studying the effects of mechanization.     

不同空间粒度下地表水体分布格局多样性研究

选取河南省北部、中部和南部典型研究样区,将空间粒度方法引入并应用于地表水体多样性的研究中。在总结前人研究水体多样性测度方法的基础上,提出新的方法——空间分布长度指数(MSHDLI),并在1 km×1 km网格尺度下研究MSHDLI、水网密度(RD)和空间分布面积指数(MSHDAI)的粒度效应、相关性和相关系数的粒度响应、尺度效应关系及回归模型。结果表明:随着粒度的增加,MSHDLI、RD和MSHDAI的粒度响应曲线均为下降型;MSHDLI与RD和MSHDAI有显著的相关关系,平均相关系数r分别为0.997和0.878(P0.01),且MSHDLI与RD、MSHDAI相关系数的粒度效应属于显著正相关关系;MSHDLI与RD的拟合度函数均是对数函数,MSHDLI与MSHDAI的拟合度函数均是多项式函数;由三者的多元线性回归模型可知MSHDLI与RD、MSHDAI线性相关且对它们的解释程度达到95%以上。MSHDLI可以将RD描述水资源广度和MSHDAI描述水资源空间分布离散性的优势结合起来。     

华北土石山区模拟降雨下土壤溅蚀研究

采取野外模拟降雨试验,研究了降雨强度、降雨动能以及降雨历时对溅蚀量的影响规律,分析了溅蚀土粒的距离、方位的分布特征,以及溅蚀土粒的粒径组成规律。研究结果表明:雨滴击溅过程中,在不同强度的降雨作用下,下坡方向产生的溅蚀量最大,上坡方向产生的溅蚀量最小。溅蚀总搬运量与溅蚀净搬运量均与降雨强度呈正相关。溅蚀量与降雨强度呈指数函数关系,与降雨动能呈现线性函数关系。溅蚀率与降雨历时呈现指数函数关系。溅蚀土粒主要分布在0~10 cm,占溅蚀总搬运量的45.40%~57.75%,在50~60 cm内的溅蚀量所占比例不高于1.75%。溅蚀量与溅蚀距离呈负指数函数关系。溅蚀土粒径小于等于2 mm,溅蚀土粒中细砂粒和粗粉粒百分比与原状土壤较为接近,粗砂粒百分比远低于原状土壤,而粘粒百分比高于原状土壤,粉粒百分比低于原状土壤。溅蚀土粒中细砂粒(0.05~0.2 mm)最易于被溅蚀,而小粒径(小于0.002 mm)和大粒径(大于0.2 mm)土壤颗粒不易被溅蚀。当降雨强度足够大时,对于同种特征的土壤,溅蚀土粒存在稳定的粒径组成。当降雨强度保持不变时,溅蚀平均粒径随溅蚀距离的增加而变小。溅蚀距离在0~30 cm,溅蚀平均粒径的变化率较大;随溅蚀距离的不断增加,溅蚀平均粒径的变化率较小。     

水科学中应用数理统计方法应注意

对回归方程误差的影响因素进行了分析，导出了回归方程的均方误差与其影响因素之间的关系式。分析表明，复相关系数(或相关系数)一定时，倚变量的变差系数越大，回归方程的均方误差就越大；回归分析时，应对回归方程的误差进行分析。对于样本均值估计总体均值，给出了基于误差限制的样本容量的计算式。研究表明，应考虑样本变差系数对估计精度的影响。     

轻小型移动式喷灌机组现状及其与国外的差距

节水灌溉是农业现代化的重要组成部分，发展节水灌溉、提高水的利用率是实现农业现代化的必由之路。通过对国内相关厂家的调研，初步分析了我国轻小型移动式喷灌机组的现状及其与国外先进水平之间存在的差距。在此基础上，提出了今后研究工作的具体目标。     

保种群体遗传结构变化的模拟研究

本文运用电子计算机模拟的方法,分析了影响畜禽保种的主要因素,并通过不同参数组合(包括起始基因频率、群体有效含量和世代数等)的模拟试验得出三个主要结论: 1 在有性繁殖的有限群体中,原封不动地保存群体基因库中的每个基因(包括频率很低的基因)是根本不可能的。 2 在完全实行随机交配的情况下,长期保存频率较高的基因也需要相当大的群体才有可能。 3 频率较高基因的保存也不能单纯依靠群体大小,还需借助于选择。只有这样才能在小群体内长期保存频率较高的基因。