溢洪道消能问题及水工模型试验方法研究

溢洪道是保证水库泄洪能力的重要设施,因其泄下的高速水流具有很强的冲击力,所以其消能问题备受关注。介绍目前工程中常用的几种消能方法,阐述利用水工模型进行试验研究的理论基础,以期为溢洪道消能问题的研究提供参考。     

用茉莉酸甲酯局部喷施长白落叶松苗对落叶松毛虫体内防御酶的影响

为明确茉莉酸甲酯局部处理林木对落叶松毛虫解毒代谢的影响，本研究以3种不同浓度的茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA，0.01、0.10和1.00mmol/L)局部处理长白落叶松苗的侧枝，分析不同处理对取食其针叶的落叶松毛虫3~5龄幼虫体内保护酶和解毒酶活性的影响。研究发现，3个浓度的MeJA局部处理长白落叶松对松毛虫幼虫体内保护酶和解毒酶活性均有显著影响(P < 0.05)，酶活变化趋势一致，但未呈浓度依赖关系。各处理组幼虫体内的SOD和POD活性均在第4龄显著高于CK(P < 0.05)，但3、5龄幼虫体内的SOD和POD活性与CK差异不显著(P>0.05)；而ACP、AKP和GSTs活性先在第3龄低于CK、第4龄均显著低于CK(P < 0.05)，后在第5龄不同程度地高于CK。表明用MeJA局部喷施能诱导提高长白落叶松的系统抗性，且其对食叶害虫具有广谱性，能干扰落叶松毛虫的解毒代谢，抵御其危害；落叶松毛虫能在逐渐适应后，通过提高保护酶和解毒酶的活性去响应诱导抗性造成的毒害。      

使用AoBe处理不同生育期春小麦的增产效应

使用芳氧基乙酸万酯类化合物AoBe处理不同生育期春小麦,在低浓度条件下有促进幼苗生长、提高田间出苗率、刺激增产等生理作用,在高浓度条件下有抑制生长和致死作用。可见,AoBe具有植物生长调节剂的基本作用特性。AoBe刺激增产作用的适宜处理时期和浓度范围是:浸种和挑旗期为0.01ppm,分蘖期为0.1ppm,拔节期为1 ppm,抽穗期为100ppm左右。以0.01ppm浸种和0.1ppm在分蘖期喷施为最佳组合。1000ppm处理春小麦种子则表现为致死作用。     

Changes in anthropogenic impervious surfaces,precipitation and daily streamflow discharge: a historical perspective in a mid-atlantic subwatershed

Aerial photography provides a historical vehicle for determining long-term urban landscape change and, with concurrent daily streamflow and precipitation records, allows the historical relationship of anthropogenic impervious surfaces and streamflow to be explored. Anthropogenic impervious surface area in the upper Accotink Creek subwatershed (near Annandala, Virginia, USA) was mapped from six dates of rectified historical aerial photography ranging from 1949 to 1994. Results show that anthropogenic impervious surface area has grown from approximately 3% in 1949 to 33% in 1994. Coincident to this period, analysis of historical mean daily streamflow shows a statistically significant increase in the streamflow discharge response (per meter of precipitation) associated with normal and extreme daily precipitation levels. Significant changes were also observed in the frequency of daily streamflow discharge at given volumes above and below the historical daily mean. Simultaneously, the historical magnitude, frequency and pattern of precipitation values 0 mm, 6.0 mm and 35.0 mm show either no statistically significant change or influence on streamflow. Historical changes in streamflow in this basin appear to be related to increases in anthropogenic impervious surface cover. Historical aerial photography is a viable tool for revealing long-term landscape and ecosystem relationships, and allows landscape investigations to extend beyond the temporal and spatial constraints of historical satellite remote sensing data.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Environmental exposure to residues after aerial spraying of endosulfan: residues in cow milk,fish, water,soil and cashew leaf in Kasargode,Kerala, India

A detailed study has been conducted to evaluate the residues of endosulfan and its principal metabolite (alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate) which may have accumulated in environmental samples due to regular aerial spray application of endosulfan on cashew leaf plantation for a period of 20 years. Three months after the last spray of endosulfan 350 g litre-1 EC at 300 ml acre-1 (equivalent to 105 g AI acre-1 = 42.5 g ha-1), a total of 93 samples of cow milk, fish, water, soil and dried cashew leaf were collected from a village in Kasargode District, Kerala, India, where endosulfan contamination was likely to have occurred. All the samples were analyzed for total residues of endosulfan (comprising alpha- and beta-endosulfan), endosulfan sulfate and also the potential hydrolysis product endosulfan diol, using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The minimum detection limits of total endosulfan was 0.001 microgram g-1. Analysis of soil samples showed the deposition of total endosulfan residues in the range < 0.001-0.010 microgram g-1, and dried leaf samples showed residues of endosulfan in the range < 0.001-3.43 micrograms g-1 dry weight. In cow milk, fish and water, endosulfan residues could not be detected above the minimum detection limit. Endosulfan diol was not observed in any sample. The data obtained was confirmed by GC-MS-EI using selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode.     

Biological Control of Sclerotinia Diseases of Rapeseed by Aerial Applications of the Mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans

Indoor and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of applying the mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans to the aerial parts of rapeseed plants at the flowering stage to control sclerotinia diseases caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Under controlled conditions, a petal inoculation technique was used to determine the effect of conidial suspensions of C. minitans on suppression of sclerotinia leaf blight. Results showed that C. minitans was effective in inhibiting infection initiated by ascospores of S. sclerotiorum on flower petals by restricting mycelial growth of the pathogen. Suppression of lesion development was related to the conidial concentration of C. minitans, with larger lesions at low concentration (5×10³conidia ml⁻¹), but smaller lesions at high concentration (5×10⁴ conidia ml⁻¹ or higher). When C. minitans-treated rapeseed leaves were inoculated with mycelia of S. sclerotiorum, C. minitans failed to prevent infection of leaves, but caused a significant reduction in number of sclerotia produced on the diseased leaves. No significant difference in efficacy was detected between the two isolates of C. minitans, LRC 2137 and Chy-1, on the two rapeseed cultivars, Westar (spring type) and Zhongyou 821 (winter type). Results of field trials showed a significant reduction of stem rot of rapeseed in four (1997, 1999, 2003 and 2004) out of five years by aerial application of C. minitans, compared with controls. No significant difference in suppressive efficacy was observed between the treatments of C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹), C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹) + benomyl (50 μg ml⁻¹) and benomyl (100 μg ml⁻¹) in 2003, and between the treatments of C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹), C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹) + vinclozolin (100 μg ml⁻¹) and vinclozolin (500 μg ml⁻¹) in 2004. Sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum collected from diseased plants in plots treated with C. minitans in 1999, 2000 and 2003, or with C. minitans + benomyl in 2003 were infected by C. minitans at frequencies ranging from 21.3 to 54.5%. This study concludes that aerial spraying of C. minitans is an effective method for controlling sclerotinia diseases of rapeseed.     

应用轻型飞机防治马尾松毛虫的试验Ⅰ．喷施四种药剂防治的效果

马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatus Walker是马尾松林重要害虫。林间应用超轻型飞机大面积喷洒溴氰菊酯超低容量喷雾、白僵菌纯孢子油剂、菌药混合液超低容量喷雾以及喷洒白僵菌菌粉,其防治效果分别为96．5%、85．7%、95．6%、86．5%。上述的防治措施可作为单独的措施或综合防控中的配套措施使用,同时应用飞机防治解决了树高、林密、水源缺乏、劳力工资昂贵等条件给防治工作带来的困难,是一种适应林区林业生产整体水平而又快速、高效、经济的防治手段。     

几种生长调节剂对四翅滨藜全光喷雾扦插效果的影响

四翅滨藜全光照喷雾嫩枝扦插试验结果表明:采用NAA、ABT 2号生根粉、IBA等3种外源植物生长调节剂处理插条2 h,对插条具有良好的促根作用,其中100 mg/L NAA为最好,生根率可达到93.6%;100 mg/LABT2号生根粉和100 mg/L IBA次之,生根率分别可以达到92.6%,92.3%.     

缓解奶牛热应激的喷淋水滴粒径研究

为探讨夏季缓解奶牛热应激喷淋水滴粒径对降温效果的影响,通过现场实验测试了3种平均喷淋水滴粒径(0.829、0.947、1.127 mm)缓解奶牛热应激效果。实验中利用热像仪采集奶牛体表温度,同时测定呼吸频率、直肠温度生理指标,并在此基础上利用Merkel焓差理论分析计算奶牛喷淋降温换热量。结果表明,喷淋过程中,3种粒径(0.829、0.947、1.127 mm)在奶牛脖颈区域平均降温为0.7、1.1、0.9℃,腹部区域平均降温为0.7、1.4、1.5℃,平均呼吸频率分别降低0.6、4.2、2.1次/min;喷淋结束后,3种粒径在奶牛脖颈区域平均降温为0.2、0.4、0.6℃,腹部区域平均降温为0.1、0.5、0.6℃,平均呼吸频率降低-0.4、1.4、1.2次/min。喷淋前后奶牛直肠温度均控制在稳定范围内,且平均喷淋水滴粒径0.947 mm和1.127 mm低于0.829 mm时的奶牛平均直肠温度。3种平均喷淋水滴粒径对应的奶牛单位时间换热量分别为417.4、469.9、430.4 W,其中0.947 mm平均喷淋水滴粒径下换热量最大。因此,平均喷淋水滴粒径0.947 mm更适用于夏季奶牛喷淋降温。     

气助式静电喷雾靶标物背部沉积特性

为了研究气助式静电喷雾中，药液雾化特性对其靶标背部沉积效果的影响，采用Ф80mm的西红柿果实作为靶标，配制1g／L的刚果红溶液模拟农药进行喷雾试验．运用OLID测试系统对不同施药条件（气体压力、静电电压、喷雾距离）下药液的雾化特性进行了测试，借助分光光度计定量分析靶标背部沉积量，结合试验结果对药液雾化特性与靶标背部沉积效果的关系进行了分析和讨论．结果表明：非静电喷雾时，雾滴不易粘附于标靶背部，与荷电喷雾时相比，背部沉积量较小可以忽略；在气动力和静电力的前后作用下，雾滴的粒径随气体压力、静电电压的增加而减小且分布愈均匀；增加气体压力、静电电压均可提高药液靶标背部的沉积量，其中静电电压影响最大；荷电啧雾时，雾滴的粒径愈小分布愈均匀有利于荷电药液在靶标物背部沉积．