焦作矿区土壤对煤矸石中污染组分的吸附解吸试验

以焦作矿区煤矸石和土壤为研究对象,进行室内模拟淋滤实验,检测淋出液中SO2-4、Cl-、总硬度、Cr、Pb、Zn、Mn、Cu、Cd等污染组分的含量以及pH、电导率,分析研究煤矸石在淋滤作用下污染组分的溶出规律以及土壤对污染组分的吸附解吸.结果表明,焦作矿区煤矸石淋出液呈中性偏弱碱性,SO2-4总硬度、Zn、Mn等组分已经出现超标,Cr、Pb 、Cu、Cd则未检出;在淋滤实验前期,风化煤矸石淋出液中的污染组分含量要高于新鲜煤矸石淋出液中的含量,土壤对污染组分有很大的吸附能力,约50%的污染组分被吸附;随着淋滤的进行,煤矸石中污染组分随水淋出的含量迅速下降并逐渐稳定下来,此时由于低浓度淋滤液进入土壤,使土壤中发生了污染组分的解吸,导致淋滤液中污染组分含量升高;土壤对污染组分的吸附解析与pH值、土壤组成类型、土壤中污染物含量、土壤的吸附容量、煤矸石淋出液中污染物浓度等有关.     

秸秆还田对土壤Cd(Ⅱ)吸附-解吸的影响

[目的]探讨不同秸秆还田类型及还田水平(水稻、油菜秸秆全量、1/2量)对3种土壤类型﹝沈桥红壤(SQ)、朝山红壤(CS)、新桥水稻土(XQ)﹞Cd(Ⅱ)吸附-解吸行为的影响,为控制土壤中Cd(Ⅱ)环境行为及其调控提供依据。[方法]采用室内模拟培养试验和等温吸附相结合的方式。[结果](1)秸秆还田促进了土壤对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附,在3种土壤的各处理间差异显著(p0.05)。在XQ上,秸秆还田处理提升Cd(Ⅱ)吸附量的效果较2种红壤显著,其中,油菜秸秆1/2量还田处理(RP1)、油菜秸秆全量还田处理(RP2)土壤Cd(Ⅱ)吸附量与对照相比分别增加了9.30%和10.47%。对SQ,CS而言,以Langmuir模型的拟合度最佳,相关系数均大于0.990 9,而在XQ中,适用于描述不规则表面吸附的Temkin方程的模拟效果较好。(2)3种土壤Cd(Ⅱ)的解吸量、解吸率都随着土壤中Cd(Ⅱ)吸附量的增加而增加,秸秆还田处理的土壤Cd(Ⅱ)的解吸量明显低于对照,尤其以油菜秸秆全量还田处理土壤Cd(Ⅱ)解吸量最小。[结论]秸秆还田对不同土壤Cd(Ⅱ)吸附-解吸行为的影响具有显著差异,油菜秸秆还田增强了土壤Cd(Ⅱ)专性吸附,较水稻秸秆有更好地降低Cd(Ⅱ)风险的效果。     

有机肥对磷的吸附-解吸的影响及在红壤发育成的水稻土上的有效性

A field test with the traditional rotation of paddy rice/upland crop (wheat) was carried out on a paddy soil derived from red earth to elucidate the effect of organic manure on the phosphorus adsorption-desorption by soil and its P availability. Soil samples were taken from different treatments at rice harvesting stage and analysed. The isothermal adsorption of P by the samples fitted very well with Langmuir equation, and hence, the parameters in the equation, i.e., maximum adsorption (qm), constant related to bonding energy (k) and their product (k × qm) could be used as a comprehensive index to characterize the potential P adsorptivity of the soil. Organo-inorganic fertilization and organic manuring could decrease qm and k, while mineral P application had little effect on them. The isothermal desorption of P was significantly correlated with initially added and isothermally adsorbed P. Part of P added was fixed, which represented the P fixation capacity of soil, and organic manuring could obviously lower the P fixation. The content of soil available P had a significant negative correlation with qm, k and fixed P. It is concluded that organic manure could increase the P availability of paddy soil derived from red earth by decreasing qm, k, maximum buffering capacity (MBC=k × qm) and fixation capacity.     

土壤对铜的吸附-解吸特征及对土地利用的响应

用吸附平衡法研究黄河三角洲地区土壤对Cu2+的吸附和解吸特征,对比了农田和未利用地土壤吸附与解吸能力的差异,并分析了差异形成的原因。结果表明,土壤对Cu2+的吸附量随着平衡液Cu2+质量浓度的增加而增加,其吸附作用可用Langmuir,Temkin和Freundlich方程来拟合,以Langmuir方程拟合结果最佳。根据Langmuir方程计算出的两种土壤最大吸附量分别为3 961mg/kg和3 521mg/kg,农田土壤对Cu2+的吸附能力强于未利用地土壤;土壤Cu2+的解吸量远远小于土壤对Cu2+的吸附量,与农田土壤相比,未利用地土壤Cu2+的解吸有滞后现象;农田土壤和未利用地土壤Cu2+的解吸率变化范围分别为0.1%～0.35%和0.15%～1.8%,农田土壤的解吸率明显低于未利用地土壤。综合分析认为,两种土壤吸附—解吸特征的差异与农田土壤具有较高的有机质含量,从而在土壤胶体表面形成较多的吸附位点有关。     

稻草还田对土壤钾,磷,锌的吸附—解吸及其有效性的影响

就长期肥料田间试验的红壤性水稻土、黄棕壤性水稻土和灰潮土性水稻土,用热呼学稀吸附法和流行法分别进行了土壤钾、磷、锌的吸附－解吸试验和土壤钾吸附动力学试验,测定了土壤钾吸附动力学试验,测定了土诉粘接矿物组成,基本性质和有效钾、磷的含量,研究了稻草还田对土壤钾、磷、锌吸附量、吸附钾、磷、锌解吸率的影响。结果表明稻草还田：（１）能减小土壤对钾的吸附,增加其解吸率,提高土壤有效钾量和土壤对钾的缓冲能力;（     

磷的吸附对老成土和淋溶土中Cu、Zn离子吸附-解吸及其有效性的影响

Surface charge,secondary adsorption-desorption and form distribution of Cu^2 and Zn^2 in Ultisols and Alfisols having adsorbed phosphate were studied by potentiometric titration,adsorption equilibrium and sequential extraction method,respectively,The soil surface negative charges increased whereas the amount sequential extraction method,respectively.The soil surface ngative charges increased whereas the amount of positive charges decreased with increase of P adsorbed,The soil secondary adsorption capacity for Cu^2 and Zn^2 was positively significantly correlated with the amount of P adsorbed by the soils,which could be described by the Langmuir equation.The amounts of Cu^2 and Zn^2 desorption from soils were decreased after P adsorption by the soils and the relationship between them was linear,After the soils adsorbed P,form distribution of Cu^2 and Zn^2 in soils changed remarkably.     

山核桃吸附-解吸等温线及平衡水分研究

以带壳山核桃和山核桃仁为试材,采用静态称量法测定带壳山核桃和山核桃仁在25、35、45℃的吸附-解吸等温线,并采用等温线数学模型进行拟合,测定其热力学参数。采用低场核磁研究不同水分活度下带壳山核桃和山核桃仁中的水分结合状态。结果表明:带壳山核桃和山核桃仁的吸附与解吸等温线属于Ⅱ型,GAB模型拟合精度最高。带壳山核桃和山核桃仁的净等量吸附热、微分熵和积分焓均随含水率的增加而降低,积分熵随含水率的增加而上升,扩张压力随水分活度的增大而上升,并随温度的上升而下降。带壳山核桃的净等量吸附热、微分熵和积分焓均大于山核桃仁,而积分熵则相反。因此,带壳山核桃的贮藏稳定性较高,而山核桃仁易于干燥。根据安全水分活度可以得出带壳山核桃和山核桃仁的安全贮藏含水率分别为7.38%和5.61%。此外,根据解吸过程净等量吸附热可以得出,带壳山核桃和山核桃仁含水率分别低于14%和12%时需提供更多的热量以维持脱水速率。低场核磁结果表明,在高水分活度下,水分子主要以自由水和不易流动水状态存在,在低水分活度下,水分子主要以结合水状态存在。     

pH和Cu2+Zn2+对两种可变电荷土壤中吸附态Pb解吸行为的影响

采用连续解吸法对两种可变电荷土壤中吸附态Pb的解吸行为进行研究。结果表明,红砂土和黄筋泥的Pb2 吸附量和解吸量都随Pb2 加入量的增加而增加。红砂土和黄筋泥对Pb的吸附等温线可用Langmuir模型来描述,最大吸附量(Xm)分别为10899和6195mg·kg-1。pH对吸附态Pb的解吸影响较大,解吸量随pH升高而降低。当pH≤2.00时2种土壤吸附态Pb2 的解吸率很高,接近100%;当pH由2.00上升至4.00时,解吸率呈直线下降;至pH>4.00时2种土壤吸附态Pb2 的解吸率均降至很低的水平。Cu2 和Zn2 的加入可增加土壤吸附态Pb2 的解吸,其中Cu2 对Pb2 解吸作用较Zn2 大。铜加入量从0到20mmol·L-1,红砂土和黄筋泥吸附Pb2 的解吸率分别从9.6%和15.9%增加到83.8%和98.2%,锌加入量从0到20mmol·L-1,2种土壤吸附Pb2 的解吸率则分别增加到81.2%和89.9%。     

Characterization of Pterocarpus macrocarpus (pradoo wood) biochar and its effect on the retention properties of sandy soils in Northeast Thailand

Pradoo wood biochar has been tested in order to explore sustainable solutions to the development of agriculture on poor sandy soils in marginal areas in Northeast Thailand. Some basic physicochemical properties of biochar, for example pore size distribution, cation exchange capacity (CEC), specific surface area (SSA), and water and nutrient adsorption, were determined and compared to soil properties in order to determine appropriate biochar application to soil. Pradoo wood biochar showed important adsorption properties with high SSA, CEC and nutrient adsorption. The water retention properties were also improved on the dry end of the water retention curve. Phosphorous and ammonium adsorption–desorption isotherms were established and their respective affinity for the biochar surface was quantified, by the means of a retention index and thermodynamical parameters. We found that despite excellent retention properties, biochar needs to be added in large amounts (between 10 and 70 kg m⁻²) to soil to be able to modify noticeably the resulting soil properties.