Soil moisture pre-treatment effects on enzyme activities as indicators of heavy metal-contaminated and reclaimed soils

Heavy metal contamination can inhibit soil functions but it is often difficult to determine the degree of pollution or when soil reclamation is complete. Enzyme assays offer potential as indicators of biological functioning of soils. However, antecedent water content of soil samples may affect the outcome of biological measurements. In Mediterranean regions, for much of the year ‘field moist’ surface soil can have water content similar to that of air-dry samples. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the sensitivity of a range of enzyme assays to detect the degree of pollution from a heavy metal mine spill; (2) evaluate rewetting field-dry soil as a pre-treatment for enzyme assays; and (3) test multivariate analysis for improving discrimination between polluted, reclaimed and non-polluted soils. The Aznalcóllar mining effluent spill provided a unique opportunity to address these objectives. This accident released toxic, heavy metal-contaminated (As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Pb, Tl, Zn…) and acid tailings into the Guadiamar watershed (SW Spain) in 1998, severely affecting the riparian zone along more than 4000 ha. Contaminated soils were collected from the highly polluted upper watershed and less polluted lower watershed along with reclaimed soil at both sites. Enzyme activities (phosphatases, arylsulfatase, β-glucosidase, urease and dehydrogenase) were assessed on both field-moist samples and soils rewetted to 80% of water-holding capacity and then incubated at 21 °C for 7 d prior to the assay. The reclaimed soils had higher activities than polluted soils but, typically, 1.5-3 times lower levels of activity than the non-polluted soil. Regardless of the moisture pre-treatment, all enzymes showed significant effects due to pollution, with urease and β-glucosidase showing the greatest discrimination between degrees of contamination. In general, rewetting field-dried soils increased activities on non-polluted and reclaimed soils which improved discrimination with polluted soils. Another method to increase the potential of soil enzyme activities to detect soil contamination could be to combine them in multivariate analysis, which provides a more holistic representation of the biochemical and microbial functionality of a soil.     

豆制品中胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性测定方法研究

利用紫外分光光度计，对豆制品中胰蛋白酶抑制剂在抑制牛胰蛋白酶活性反应前后的吸光值差异制作差值曲线，从而得出斜率与抑制剂活性之间关系的方法。并通过反复的实验对比，最终可以快速准确地测定大豆制品中胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性。     

减氮对半冬性中筋小麦产量、NUE及氮代谢关键酶活性的影响

为了研究半冬性中筋小麦在减氮条件下籽粒产量、氮效率(NUE)及氮代谢关键酶活性的差异与调控效应,于2012年-2013年以半冬性中筋小麦徐麦30、保麦1号为供试品种进行池栽试验。研究表明,施用氮肥增加了穗数和粒数,扩大了小麦库容(公顷粒数),而粒重却有所下降,但穗数和粒数的增加幅度大于粒重的降低幅度,从而提高了单位面积籽粒产量。施氮量从270 kg·hm-2降至225kg·hm-2,籽粒谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性略有提升,而单株氮素积累量、花后剑叶硝酸还原酶(NR)和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、籽粒GS活性均呈下降趋势,籽粒产量有所降低,但差异未达显著水平。减氮影响了植株对氮素的吸收,对氮肥表观利用率(RE)有降低效应,但增强了氮肥偏生产力(PFP)和氮素生理效率(PE),对NHI影响较小。在兼顾生产成本、生态和效益的条件下,将氮肥用量从270 kg·hm-2减少至225 kg·hm-2,更有利于半冬性中筋小麦的可持续高效生产。本研究为小麦合理施氮及提高氮肥利用效率提供科学依据。     

扁蓄提取物对小菜蛾生物活性的影响

研究扁蓄(Polygonum aviculare L.)乙醇提取物对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella L.)触杀、胃毒、拒食及抑制生长的影响,比较扁蓄不同部位的活性,并对提取溶剂进行选择。结果表明,扁蓄乙醇提取物对小菜蛾的主要作用方式为触杀。     

生防因子螺旋毛壳ND35的细胞壁降解酶与重寄生作用

1　IntroductionSomespeciesofthesaprophyticascomycetegeneraChaetomiumKunzeexFr .arepotentialantagonistsofseveralplantpathogenicfungi ,forexampleRhizoctoniasolaniandPythiumultimumwhichcauseseedlingdamping -offandVenturiainaequaliswhichcausestheapplescabChae…     

政党组织的民事法律地位初探

论述赋予政党组织民事法律地位的必要性和依据，并提出相应的立法建议。     

旅游活动对森林生态系统结构和功能的负面影响

自1950年代以来，森林旅游业发展迅速，大量的游客涌入森林给森林生态系统带来了巨大的压力和严重影响。从生态系统演替、物种组成、营养结构、物质循环、能量流动、信息传递等方面探讨了旅游活动对森林生态系统的影响，并对减小旅游干扰对森林生态系统的破坏，实现森林生态系统健康、可持续地发展提出了一些建议。     

细胞壁降解相关酶以及在反刍动物应用中活性测定标准化的建议

针对当前国内外饲料酶制剂在反刍动物应用上结果不一致的现象,本文从酶制剂的角度,简要地分析了可能引起这些不一致的原因,同时就此总结了与细胞壁降解相关的主要的酶及其功能,并给出其活性测定标准化建议,为酶制剂的开发和应用提供参考。     

2个多年生花生品种低温胁迫下活性氧代谢特性研究

不同低温胁迫下对平托花生Arachis pintoi与蔓花生A.duranensis2个多年生花生品种进行的叶片活性氧代谢与质膜特性进行研究。结果表明,A.duranensis品种无论在超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)还是过氧化氢酶(CAT)相对活性在低温胁迫下均不低于或显著高于A.pintoi,表现出相对较高的清除自由基能力;其质膜相对透性(RPP)增加幅度明显小于A.pintoi;丙二醛(MDA)相对含量增加率则表现出相反趋势;表明A.duranensis具有更强的抗寒性。     

高温季节草地早熟禾草坪质量与叶片抗氧化酶活性的变化

为探讨高温伏旱胁迫下草地早熟禾草坪质量的下降与其植物体生理活性的关系,本试验在南京夏季田间调查了6个草地早熟禾品种的草坪盖度、密度、综合质量、叶片叶绿素含量及叶片组织含水量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。结果表明,随着夏季高温伏旱强度的增加和持续时间的延长,各品种的草坪盖度、密度、综合质量、叶片叶绿素含量和组织含水量均持续显著下降,8月中旬的草坪综合质量和叶片组织含水量分别比6月中旬降低了12.1%~27.6%和14.2%~27.6%;8月中旬叶片组织的SOD和POD活性分别比6月中旬下降了36.5%~55.0%和46.9%~65.7%,而MDA含量则增加了19.8%~88.7%。田间高温伏旱胁迫下草坪综合质量和叶片叶绿素含量、组织含水量、SOD与POD活性的降低幅度,以及叶片组织MDA含量的增加幅度均存在显著的品种间差异。较耐高温的“南农选系”和Midnight(W)在胁迫下的变化幅度明显小于不耐热的品种Bluechip、Sobra,以及耐热中等的品种America和Midnight(B),夏季草坪综合质量显著高于其它品种。相关分析结果表明,田间高温伏旱胁迫下草坪综合质量与叶片组织POD活性的下降幅度呈显著负相关。田间高温伏旱期间叶片组织保持较高的含水量和POD活性可能是草地早熟禾品种抗高温伏旱的重要标志之一。