长春地区不同类型土壤的缓冲性及其影响因素

研究了长春地区主要类型土壤的缓冲性及土壤理化性质对土壤缓冲性的影响。结果表明：5类土壤对酸缓冲性弱程度依次为：黑钙土＞草甸土＞黑土＞白浆土＞暗棕壤；对碱的缓冲性强弱顺序是：草甸土＞白浆土＞暗棕壤＞黑土＞黑钙土；土壤碳酸钙含量、交换性盐基总量、土壤质地和有机质含量对土壤缓冲性的强弱均具有不同程度的影响。     

Effects of phosphorus on nutrient uptake and rhizosphere acidification of soybean (G/ycine max L.)

Pot experiment was conducted to examine how application of KH_2PO_4(0-165 mg·kg~(-1)P)to affect nutrient ion uptake and rhizosphere acidification of soybean(Glycine max L.) grown in greenhouse for 90 days.When supplied of 82 and 165 mg·kg~(-1) P, soybeans showed excessive poison.Under all kinds of P levels,the K,Ca,Na and Mg concents in plant tissues were as below order: K was nodules>roots>pods>shoots;Ca was shoots>roots>nodules>pods;Na was roots>nodules>pods>shoots and Mg was shoots>nodules>roots>pods.K concent in plant tisssues had greater effect on rhizosphere acidification than other cations in this experiment irrespective of P supply,and was significantly negative to pH.Na concentration was significantly positive to pH.Excessive P supply induced rhizosphere acidification,pH decreased as P supply increased from 82 to 165 mg·kg~(-1).Ash alkalinity in shoots and roots was significantly positively correlated with rhizosphere pH irrespective of P supply.All these results suggested that P supply affected nutrient uptake,induced ash alkalinity to increase and rhizosphere pH to decrease in soybean.     

菜地土壤酸化原因及其对番茄生产的影响

通过菜地土壤考查和番茄的田间及盆栽试验,明确了杭州市郊菜地土壤酸化的主因是长期偏施大量生理酸性肥料,特别是硫酸铵.而目前降水中的致酸离子的影响,似乎还不严整.在亩施15kg氮的情况下,硫酸铵处理的土壤pH较对照下降0.59,交换姓酸量增加1.23me/100g土,影响显著;尿素处理的土壤pH下降0.18,交换性酸量增加0.21me/100g土,影响轻微.当土壤pF降至5.35以下时,土壤交换性酸度,特别是交换性铝量剧增,盐基饱和度迅速下降,此时番茄根系发育差,产量和品质均明显下降.酸化的菜地土壤,其交换性酸含量虽高,但以交换性H~ 为主.施用城市生活垃圾肥或石灰石粉即可校正土壤酸度.     

改进型上流式反应器中剩余污泥快速水解酸化研究

采用改进型上流式反应器,进行了城市污水处理厂剩余污泥快速水解酸化的试验研究,考察了利用剩余污泥进行碳源开发的工艺特性.结果表明,在pH为10的条件下,控制温度为35℃,污泥停留时间为7d,水力停留时间为36 h,系统顺利启动运行,具有良好的水解酸化效果.系统出水的溶解性COD (SCOD)和VFA分别维持在978.3 ～1013.7 mg·L-1和457.7 ～512.7 mg COD·L-1,剩余污泥的水解效率最高达到14.0%.出水的氨氮(NH3-N)和溶解性磷(SP)基本稳定于112.0～128.7 mg·L-1和40.6 ～53.6 mg·L-1.     

东陵区设施土壤有机质、pH值的剖面特征研究

对东陵区前竞赛镇和李相镇保护地土壤pH值、有机质含量进行分析。结果表明：与对照比较,保护地土壤酸化比较普遍,土壤酸化的程度正在扩大。从剖面上看,保护地土壤酸化是整个土体一起酸化。个别土壤酸化比较严重,pH值低于蔬菜作物所能适应的临界点,已经威胁到作物的正常生长。随着种植年限的增加,pH值逐渐降低,酸化问题变得越来越严峻。东陵区保护地土壤有机质含量明显高于露地对照土壤,且随着种植年限的延长呈增加趋势。由于长期大量施用单一种类有机肥（鸡粪）,土壤有机质含量增加,但有机质所起到的环境作用越来越低。     

沿海地区海盐沉降对酸性土壤的影响

The characteristics of sea.salt deposition and its impact on acid soils in maritime regions are reviewed. It is pointed out that studies involving the impact of sea.salt deposition on acid soils have been concentrated on short-term effects on soil and water acidification. A deep consideration of long-term effects on soil acidification in maritime regions is still needed.     

Influence of compost and lime on population structure and element concentrations of forest soil invertebrates

Summary We tested the effects of two organic fertilizers (composts) and lime on the soil fauna of a spruce stand. One compost was obtained from chopped wood and the other from household garbage. At the time of distribution the pH of the control plots averaged 3.2, the garbage compost had a pH of 7.5, and the wood compost of 6.2. During the experimental period the pH of the compost layers decreased. The pH of the former litter layer beneath the composts showed a steep increase after 5 months, but beneath the treatment with wood compost this effect did no persist. Liming increased the pH only slightly in the litter layer. The two types of compost, the litter layer, and lumbricids (Lumbricus rubellus) were analyzed for concentrations of essential and potentially toxic elements. The element burden was highest in the garbage compost with 7- to 11-fold concentrations of Zn, Cd, Pb, Mg, and Cu compared to the needle litter. K, Ba, and Ca were 4 times more concentrated. L. rubellus showed an increased Cu concentration after extraction from the highly contaminated sites of garbage compost. Despite the differences in Pb contamination in the needle litter and in the two compost types, all investigated individuals of L. rubellus contained similar concentrations of Pb. In contrast to Pb, Cd accumulated in this lumbricid. Seasonal fluctuations of microarthropods, their total abundance, and differences in the colonization of the compost layers were observed. Collembola abundance was significantly increased in the garbage compost plots in July 91. There were generally more Prostigmata in the control and limed plots than in the compost plots. Oribatid numbers fell under all treatments compared to the controls. Mesostigmata were identified to species level and 33 species were found in the experimental areas. Certain species, such as Arctoseius cetratus and Uropoda minima, were only found in the treated sites.     

南酸枣对红壤酸度的影响

Changes in acidity of Udic Ferrosols, caused by growth of Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt et Hill, in comparison to wild grass, were investigated for Ph distribution in the soil profile, exchangeable acidity, and cation status in the soil leachate of a simulated leaching experiment. Soils were sampled in profiles at 5 cm intervals to a depth of 100 cm. In the 15--60 cm layer the soils with 10-year old C. axillaris had significantly lower Ph (P < 0.05), with the largest difference being 0.41; and in the 25--75 cm soil depths, especially in the 30--55 cm layer, the soils had a significantly higher exchangeable acidity, ranging 1.93 to 3.02 cmolc kg-1. There was also higher aluminum, potassium, and sodium contents in the soil leachate under C. axillaris than with wild grasses. This suggested that the growth of C. axillaris accelerated acidification of Udic Ferrosols and promoted soil clay mineral weathering.     

Pathways of chemical recovery in acidified,metal-contaminated lakes near Sudbury,Ontario, Canada

This paper describes the recovery pathways of two lakes situated near the Coniston nickel-copper smelter. These lakes were exposed to very intense airborne pollution, including SO₂, H₂SO₄, Ni and Cu, during the 60 year operation of the smelter. After the closure of the Coniston smelter in 1972 and the subsequent improvement in air quality, the water quality in both lakes began to improve. Despite their proximity and exposure to similar inputs, the lakes differed both in the rate and magnitude of recovery. This study demonstrates the capacity of lakes to recover from chemical stresses over a very short period. Changes in Cu and Ni concentration could be predicted, while changes in pH, measured as H⁺, could not. The reasons for this discrepancy as well as the processes and lake parameters that control chemical recovery are discussed.     

Pedo‐ecological consequences of lithological discontinuities in soils—examples from Central Europe

Soil profiles having lithological discontinuities, i.e., stratified or layered profiles, occur worldwide. Their genesis as part of the upper‐regolith formation is comparatively well understood, particularly in Central Europe where extensive research on relic periglacial cover beds has been done. But the pedogenetic and ecological implications of lithologically discontinuous soils (LDS) are less well known. Most textbooks rely on the so‐called A‐B‐C‐model as a climate‐driven approach to soil formation. After reviewing definitions and concepts of lithological discontinuities and how they form, we present a pedogenetic model extending the traditional approach by considering substrate genesis and regolith dynamics. The consequences in the interpretation of vertical distributions of parameters of soil acidification and of heavy metals are investigated for typical soil profiles from the W Ore Mountains and the central‐German lowlands. Results show how lithological discontinuities influence the depth gradients and that properties inherited from substrate should be distinguished, if possible, from those developed by pedogenesis.