基于GLM模型的印度洋延绳钓渔业大青鲨钩捕死亡率分析

大青鲨(Prionace glauca)是金枪鱼延绳钓渔业的主要兼捕鲨鱼种类。根据2012~2019年中国金枪鱼延绳钓观察员在印度洋记录的1272 次作业的778尾大青鲨数据,运用广义线性模型(GLM)分析大青鲨的钩捕死亡率(即钓捕上船时死亡个体的比率)和潜在的影响因素。结果表明：1)大青鲨的总体钩捕死亡率为13.4%,雄性的钩捕死亡率高于雌性;2)潜在影响因素中,钓钩类型、钓钩大小、个体长度、捕获深度和捕获纬度对钓获时的存活状态具有显著影响(P <0.05),其中钓钩类型和捕获纬度的影响最大;3)钩型与纬度的交互项、性别与个体长度的交互项对死亡率也有显著影响(P <0.05)。使用鹰嘴钩时,纬度越北,死亡率越小;其他三种钩型,纬度越北,死亡率越高。雌性大青鲨的个体越大,死亡率减小;但雄性大青鲨的死亡率与个体大小无明显规律。本研究可为降低大青鲨的钓获死亡率,促进该海域的资源可持续利用提供科学参考。     

2012—2018年中西太平洋延绳钓渔业大青鲨兼捕量影响因素分析

大青鲨(Prionace glauca)是中西太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔业主要的兼捕物种,其兼捕量的估算是当前资源评估和管理的焦点问题。根据我国金枪鱼渔业国家观察员2012—2018年调查数据,利用Tweedie-GAM模型,分析了大青鲨单钩次兼捕量与时空因素、环境因素和作业因素的关系,并利用交叉验证对基于模型的方法与分层比率估计法对兼捕量估算的影响进行了比较分析。结果显示,模型累积解释率为51.6%;单筐钩数、经度和纬度是主要影响因素。单钩次兼捕量随着单筐钩数的增加波动降低,当单筐钩数大于19时,兼捕量显著降低;具有显著的纬向和经向递增的分布特征,在低纬度地区较低且分布均匀（10°S-5°N）,东部水域高于西部;单钩次兼捕量季节差异不显著,受月光亮度影响,满月日作业的渔船兼捕量显著升高;在叶绿素浓度较高（≥0.15mg/m3）或暖温海域（≥29.5℃）,兼捕量相对较高。同时,本研究发现单钩次大青鲨兼捕量与下钩数量的线性关系不显著;基于模型的兼捕量估计方法优于分层比率估计法。为降低大青鲨兼捕,建议中西太平洋延绳钓渔业单筐钩数不低于20,应控制在中纬度和178°E以东水域作业的渔船数量,并对其兼捕减缓措施的执行情况进行重点监测;为提高大青鲨或类似种群兼捕总量的估算精确度,后续研究建议采用基于模型的估算方法。     

3种保鲜剂对金枪鱼冻藏品质的影响

通过测定不同浓度的3种保鲜剂处理金枪鱼背肌的K值、TVB-N值、高铁肌红蛋白含量与色差,以比较壳聚糖、茶多酚以及山梨酸钾3种保鲜剂对金枪鱼鲜度的影响,并得出各自最佳的保鲜浓度.结果表明:山梨酸钾、壳聚糖、茶多酚均对金枪鱼背肉有保鲜作用,最佳保鲜浓度分别为7、15、6g/L.     

Diel and ontogenetic body density change in Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis (Temminck and Schlegel), larvae

Diel and ontogenetic changes in larval body density related to swim bladder volume were investigated in Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis, to determine the causality of larval mortality – adhesion to the water surface and contact with the tank bottom during seedling production. The density of larvae with deflated swim bladders increased with total length and days post hatch. Diel density change was observed after day 2 post hatch; owing to daytime deflation and night‐time inflation of the swim bladder, the density was relatively higher during the daytime. Increased swim bladder volumes clearly reduced larval density during the night‐time after day 9 post hatch. However, the density of larvae with inflated swim bladders was greater than rearing water density (Δρ>0.0099). The small density difference between larvae and rearing water (Δρ=0.0022?0.0100) until day 4 post hatch may have caused larval mortality by adhesion to the water surface because larvae can be easily transported to the water surface by aeration‐driven upwelling in rearing tanks. Density increased noticeably from day 5 to day 9 post hatch. The increased density difference (Δρ=0.0065?0.0209) in larvae and rearing water possibly induced mortality by contact with the tank bottom because larvae sink particularly during the night‐time on ceasing swimming.     

Identification of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) stocks from putative nurseries using otolith chemistry

Chemical signatures in the otoliths of teleost fishes represent natural tags that may reflect differences in the chemical and physical characteristics of an individuals' environment. Otolith chemistry of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) was quantified to assess the feasibility of using these natural tags to discriminate juveniles (age 0 and age 1) from putative nurseries. A suite of six elements (Li, Mg, Ca, Mn, Sr and Ba) was measured in whole otoliths using solution‐based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Otolith chemistry of age‐1 T. thynnus collected from the two primary nurseries in the Mediterranean Sea and western Atlantic Ocean differed significantly, with a cross‐validated classification accuracy of 85%. Spatial and temporal variation in otolith chemistry was evaluated for age‐0 T. thynnus collected from three nurseries within the Mediterranean Sea: Alboran Sea (Spain), Ligurian Sea (northern Italy), and Tyrrhenian Sea (southern Italy). Distinct differences in otolith chemistry were detected among Mediterranean nurseries and classification accuracies ranged from 62 to 80%. Interannual trends in otolith chemistry were observed between year classes of age‐0 T. thynnus in the Alboran Sea; however, no differences were detected between year classes in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Age‐0 and age‐1 T. thynnus collected from the same region (Ligurian Sea) were also compared and distinct differences in otolith chemistry were observed, indicating ontogenetic shifts in habitat or elemental discrimination. Findings suggest that otolith chemistry of juvenile T. thynnus from different nurseries are distinct and chemical signatures show some degree of temporal persistence, indicating the technique has considerable potential for use in future assessments of population connectivity and stock structure of T. thynnus.     

Possibility for decreasing of mercury content in bluefin tuna <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thunnus orientalis</Emphasis> by fish culture

ABSTRACT:   The bluefin tuna tested were reared for 22 months from eggs before the beginning of the experiment, and sampling was performed every 3 months over the following year. The experimental results showed that the mercury concentration in the muscle ranged from 0.32 to 0.85 μg/g, which is lower than that found in wild bluefin tuna of a similar size. Increase in the mercury concentration corresponding to the increase in body weight was not shown, and it was quite different with wild bluefin tuna. Furthermore, no significant relationship was found between the lipid concentration and the mercury concentration in muscle. Among the internal organs of cultured bluefin tuna, the heart (0.32–0.66 μg/g), liver (0.43–0.99 μg/g) and spleen (0.59–1.0 μg/g) contained higher concentrations of mercury. It was estimated that the full-cycle cultured bluefin tuna had been fed small fish containing lower concentrations of mercury, and that the mercury concentration of tuna would be almost equal throughout the year because the effect of mercury accumulation would be weakened by body growth. Therefore, it was concluded that selecting diet fish species might decrease mercury contents in cultured bluefin tuna.     

Supercritical CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> extraction and concentration of n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ethyl esters from tuna cooking juice

Cooking is an important step in the tuna canning process; it usually produces functional solubilized proteins and lipids. The objective of this study was to recover and increase the concentration of functional n−3 fatty acids from the lipids in cooking juice. The lipids contained 12.98% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) after ethyl esterification and increased to 37.4% with subsequent urea adduct fractionation. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was further used to increase the concentration of EPA and DHA ethyl esters. The ratio of EPA+DHA ethyl esters (high-molecular-weight components) to that of C₁₆ and C_18∶1 fatty acid ethyl esters (low-molecular-weight components) was used as a separation index for evaluating the process variables. Experimental results indicated that a high CO₂ density caused a low separation factor. At 1500 psig and 328.2 K, the extraction collected over 600 L CO₂, displaying an accepted concentration factor of EPA+DHA ethyl esters herein. About 80% yield of EPA and DHA was obtained and the ethyl esters increased from 37.4% to 54.3%.     

Tuna Red Meat as a Novel Ingredient in Pet Food for Dogs

ABSTRACT

Red meat from tuna canning factory was used to develop a pet food for dogs. Feed was developed by mixing cooked, dried, and powdered red meat with cereal flours in varying proportion. The combination that gave maximum hardness for the feed was selected as optimum. The developed feed had a crude protein content of 20.2 ± 0.95% and crude fat content of 4.70 ± 0.37%. Analysis of mineral content showed that it is rich in macro minerals, including phosphorus (2843.67 ± 206 ppm), sodium (1333.54 ± 56 ppm), and calcium (400.04 ± 21 ppm). Amino acid content of the feed showed that it meets the dietary requirements of dogs in terms of threonine, methionine, histidine, lysine, arginine, and tryptophan. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content of the feed was dominated by linoleic acid, followed by DHA and EPA.     

大西洋中部大眼金枪鱼垂直分布与温度、盐度的关系

根据2001年7月4日至10月27日3艘在大西洋中部公海海域作业的中国金枪鱼延绳钓船上随机观测到的大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)的上钩钩号,应用悬链线钩深计算公式,分别计算出各钩号的钩深;根据STD仪测得的温度、盐度的垂直分布以钩深为引数,查出该尾鱼捕获时的温度和盐度数据。根据大眼金枪鱼的取样数据,利用频度统计的方法,推算出各水层、水温、盐度范围的渔获率。渔获率最大的水层、水温、盐度范围为大眼金枪鱼的最适水层、水温和盐度范围;渔获率为前3位的水层、水温、盐度范围为大眼金枪鱼活动较频繁的水层、水温和盐度范围。结果表明：大西洋中部,大眼金枪鱼的最适水层为240．00～269．99m水深、最适水温为12．00～12．99℃、最适盐度为35．00～35．09;大西洋中部渔场大眼金枪鱼活动较频繁的水层为240．00～329．99m水深、水温为10．00～12．99℃、盐度为35．00～35．29。