Effects of the two most common Wx alleles on different genetic backgrounds in rice

Wx^a and Wx^b are the most common alleles of the Wx gene in Asian cultivated rice. The difference between them is responsible for differences in the levels of the Wx gene product in the endosperm, as well as in amylose content, which is an important determinant of the quality of edible rice. Since Indica rice mostly carries the Wx^a allele, we introduced the Wx^b allele into Indica‐type rice (IR36) from a Japonica‐type rice (T65) by repeated backcrossing. In the near‐isogenic line (IR36 Wx^b), the level of the Wx gene product was reduced and, as expected, the level of amylose. However, IR36Wx^b had a lower amylose content than the recurrent parent of T65 with the Wx^b allele. The results suggest that the Indica (IR36) background might lower the amylose content more than the Japonica (T65) background when the Wx allele is the same. The possible importance of modifiers that regulate expression of the Wx gene is also discussed in relation to improvements in the grain quality of rice.     

水稻Wx复等位基因基于PCR的功能标记开发与利用

直链淀粉含量是影响稻米食味品质的重要因素,主要由蜡质基因(Wx)调控,Wx基因座存在Wxa、Wxb、Wxin、Wxmw等多个复等位基因,通过分子标记辅助选择(marker-assisted selection,MAS)培育中低直链淀粉含量的水稻品种是提高稻米适口性的重要途径。Wx复等位基因的功能由单碱基核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNP)决定,其检测依赖于测序或酶切,存在耗时多、费用昂贵等缺点。为提高选择效率,本文利用Wx复等位基因的SNP差异和四引物扩增受阻突变(tetra-primer ARMS-PCR)原理,进行PCR功能标记的开发。引物设计过程中,针对扩增效率低和非匹配的延伸2个技术难题,提出了调整错配位点的解决方案,成功开发了基于PCR技术的两对功能性标记Waxygt-ARMS2和Waxyac-ARMS2,可以准确区分上述复等位基因型,且具有操作简单、耗费较低的特点。利用新开发标记对辽宁省育成的部分水稻品种进行Wx基因型检测的结果表明,40份辽宁育成品种均携带Wxb基因,遗传基础单一。上述结果为利用Wx基因位点的分子标记培育中低直链淀粉含量的水稻品种,改良辽宁省水稻品种的食味品质提供了技术支撑。     

Waxy proteins and amylose content in tetraploid wheats Triticum dicoccum Schulb, Triticum durum L. and Triticum polonicum L.

This paper reports the waxy proteins and apparent amylose contents of the tetraploid species Triticum dicoccum, Triticum polonicum and Triticum durum. Three waxy proteins were found in the three species; two showed the same electrophoretic mobility as the alleles Wx-A1a and Wx-B1a of the hexaploid variety ‘Chinese Spring’, while the third showed the same mobility as the allele Wx-B1e belonging to the hexaploid wheat variety ‘Bai Huo’. In apparent amylose content no significant differences between the alleles Wx-B1a and the Wx-B1e were found for each species. However, the mean amylose contents of T. durum and T. polonicum were significantly greater than that of T. dicoccum, regardless of which allele was present. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

水稻直链淀粉合成调控新基因Wx410的功能与效应分析

【目的】挖掘Wx新等位变异,明确Wx410新等位基因对稻米品质性状的影响。【方法】以Wx^lv、Wx^a和Wx^b等位基因为模板,利用PCR进行第10外显子第101位碱基的A-G单点突变,分别构建了不同Wx等位背景下的Wx410定点突变植物表达载体pEGFC-Wx^lv410、pEGFC-Wx^a410和pEGFC-Wx^b410,阳性对照组载体分别为pEGFC-Wx^lv、pEGFC-Wx^a和pEGFC-Wx^b。通过转化糯稻品种苏御糯,分析该位点的变异对稻米品质的遗传效应。【结果】花后7 d和14 d,转基因植株pEGFC-Wx^lv410,pEGFC-Wx^a410及pEGFC-Wx^b410的胚乳Wx基因表达量较各自的阳性对照材料无显著变化,而颗粒结合淀粉合酶活性极显著降低;转基因植株直链淀粉含量较野生型显著降低,而糊化温度无明显变化;pEGFC-Wx^a410及pEGFC-Wx^b410的胶稠度较各自的阳性对照材料显著升高,而pEGFC-Wx^lv410的胶稠度较其阳性对照材料显著降低。【结论】pEGFC-Wx410为水稻淀粉合成的一个新的功能等位基因,控制的直链淀粉含量为4%~6%,刚好弥补了目前所鉴定的复等位基因所调控的直链淀粉含量在这个范围内的空缺,为稻米食味和加工相关品质改良提供更丰富的遗传资源。     

黑粒糯小麦材料的鉴定

为了给新型小麦材料黑粒糯小麦的选育提供基础材料,采用改良碘染色法和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对全糯小麦品系204-1002与黑粒小麦品系204-001、203-3204、201-2138杂交选育得到的30个黑粒糯小麦高代材料进行了籽粒颜色、Wx蛋白亚基以及淀粉颜色反应的鉴定与分析,结果发现7个黑粒小麦品系(1004、1007、1008-3、1009-3、1018-2、1018-4、1021-1)均缺失3个Wx蛋白亚基,同时鉴定出了缺失1个或2个Wx蛋白亚基的黑粒部分糯小麦品系.这表明利用全糯小麦与黑粒小麦杂交能筛选出黑粒糯小麦新材料.     

糯小麦Wx基因的遗传特性

为了明确糯小麦杂交后代肌基因的分配规律及糯性籽粒出现的频率，以同时缺失Wx-A1、Wx-B1和Wx-D1基因的H9908、EH为纯糯亲本，普通小麦扬麦158、苏麦6号、济南17和豫麦50为非糯亲本，配制了16个(8对正反交)杂交组合，采用0．2％ I2 2％KI碘液对杂种F1单株籽粒剖面染色，鉴定了糯性籽粒的分离特点。结果表明，在16个组合间糯性籽粒出现的频率为1．20％～1．61％，非糯与全糯的比例符合63：1的理论比例；独立性测验表明，糯性籽粒在8对正反交组合问出现的比例差异不显著，全糯质与非糯质基因紧密连锁。文中还对糯小麦品种的选育作了讨论。     

Development of AS‐PCR marker based on a key mutation confirmed by resequencing of Wx‐mp in Milky Princess and its application in japonica soft rice (Oryza sativa L.) breeding

Soft rice with low amylose content (AC) ranging by 5–15% is a unique type with special eating and appearance quality and has become popular in the rice market. We resequenced the Wx‐mp, a key allele from Milky Princess, a Japanese low AC variety, and found that the +473 mutation in exon 4 is the key mutation in both Wx‐mp and its ancestor allele, Wx‐mq from Milky Queen. Based on this functional mutation, an allele‐specific PCR (AS‐PCR) marker was developed and proven in a breeding population derived from a cross between a Chinese late variety Nan Keng 46 (Wx‐mp/Wx‐mp) and an early line Ning 63121(Wx‐b/Wx‐b). Based on the marker‐aided selection by our newly developed AS‐PCR marker for Wx‐mp and the known ST10 marker for Stvb‐i, a total of 12 Wx‐mp homozygotes were selected from 198 F₂ progenies, and four of them were immune to rice stripe virus (RSV) with averagely 11.3 days earlier heading than Nan Keng 46 without significant change in grain yield.     

Wx蛋白组成对小麦籽粒淀粉合成的影响

 【目的】通过对籽粒淀粉积累和淀粉合成关键酶的活性进行比较,初步明确不同Wx蛋白组成小麦品种淀粉理化特性差异的酶学基础。【方法】以6类Wx蛋白组成的14个小麦品种为试材,测定其籽粒灌浆过程中直、支链淀粉积累动态和4种淀粉合成关键酶的活性变化,对测定结果进行统计分析。【结果】Wx蛋白数目和类型对4种淀粉合成关键酶活性和直、支链淀粉合成有明显影响。随着Wx蛋白数目的增多,4种淀粉合成关键酶活性呈现升高的趋势,尤其是淀粉粒束缚淀粉合成酶（GBSS）,籽粒直链淀粉含量也相应升高。Wx-B1缺失蛋白对GBSS活性影响最大,直链淀粉合成能力下降最明显,其次是缺失Wx-D1蛋白,Wx-A1蛋白缺失作用最小。籽粒灌浆过程中,4种淀粉合成关键酶活性高度相关,并与直、支链淀粉含量密切相关,说明直、支链淀粉的合成是相互影响、相互制约、同步进行的。【结论】Wx基因是影响籽粒直链淀粉含量的重要决定因素,Wx基因可以通过自身数目和组成的变化,控制GBSS的活性,并对其它淀粉合成关键酶的活性产生影响,最终影响直、支链淀粉的合成,形成不同的淀粉理化特性和加工品质。     

利用Wx基因分子标记辅助选择技术培育中等直链淀粉含量的恢复系

为培育中等直链淀粉含量的水稻恢复系,以HC086为供体亲本(其Wx基因来自美国水稻品种Francis),以优良的水稻恢复系R898、R476、R838、R6547为受体亲本,利用PCR-AccI分子标记检测技术在回交世代进行辅助选择,将供体材料控制直链淀粉的Wx基因导入到不同恢复系中。对后代株系的基因型及其直链淀粉含量的分析结果表明,直链淀粉含量普遍有了显著提高,受体亲本的直链淀粉含量由10.6-14.4%提高到了18.0-21.4%。改良株系与广占63S和Y58S的配组实验表明,F1代杂交种的直链淀粉含量较原组合有显著提高,并达到适中直链淀粉含量水平,且主要农艺性状没有发生显著改变。说明分子标记辅助选择是改良水稻品种直链淀粉含量的快速有效的方法。