虾源哈维氏弧菌的致病性与生物学特性比较分析

哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)是导致养殖对虾暴发弧菌病的重要病原之一。从我国南方养殖凡纳滨对虾(Penaeus vannamei)分离、鉴定了10株哈维氏弧菌(Vh00947、Vh00949、Vh11011、Vh11014、Vh21217、Vh21218、Vh21220、Vh21229、Vh21231和Vh31487),分别肌注感染健康凡纳滨对虾后发现,菌株Vh21229致病性很弱,Vh00949其次,其它菌株毒力较强;对8种哈维氏弧菌常见毒力基因(Vh1、Vh2、Vh3、Vh4、tox S、hcp、zot和pap6)的检测显示,南方虾源哈维氏弧菌无论强弱毒株都很少携带zot、pap6、toxs和4种Vh基因(≤10%),表明这10个菌株的致病性与这7种常见毒力因子的相关度很低;hcp基因在所有菌株中均有检出,其中强毒株中检出率较高(50%),在较弱毒株(Vh00949)中也存在,表明hcp基因与这些菌株的致病性密切相关,但不是决定性因子。因此,这10株南方虾源哈维氏弧菌菌株的致病性差异应由这8种常见毒力因子以外的未知或未检测到的因子所决定。生化特征分析显示,所有菌株中只有弱毒株Vh21229不能利用D-甘露糖、蔗糖、D-海藻糖,而且只有其赖氨酸脱羧酶反应至阳性,而其它菌株均为阴性,推测导致哈维氏弧菌菌株生化特性改变的某种因子可能对菌株的致病性也产生了影响。药敏实验表明,10株哈维氏弧菌均对环丙沙星、氯霉素、恩诺沙星、美罗培南、头孢曲松、多西环素、头孢吡肟、诺氟沙星敏感,而对氨苄西林耐受性强,表明在虾类养殖过程中应当严格规范和控制抗菌药物尤其是青霉素类药物的使用。     

海南养殖方斑东风螺暴发性疾病病原分离鉴定及药敏分析

2011年4月,从海南工厂化养殖的患病方斑东风螺体内分离得到3株优势菌,经感染实验确定菌株DFL11-01为该暴发性疾病的致病菌,其对方斑东风螺注射感染的LD50为2.6×106CFU/g。采用常规形态和生理生化特征,对菌株DFL11-01进行鉴定,并以16SrRNA基因序列同源性分析法对所有3株分离菌进行同源性分析,结果表明,3株细菌均为哈氏弧菌Vibrio harveyi。药敏试验结果表明,菌株DFL11-01对阿洛西林、利福平等15种药物耐药;对头孢他啶、四环素等3种药物中介敏感;对氨苄西林、恩诺沙星、头孢三嗪、哌拉西林、左旋氧氟沙星等5种药物敏感。     

魁蚶C型凝集素基因cDNA的克隆及表达分析

通过cDNA末端快速扩增(Rapid amplification of c DNA ends,RACE)技术克隆得到魁蚶(Scapharca broughtonii)C型凝集素(C-type lectin,Sb-Lec1)基因,该基因全长为700 bp,其中,5′-UTR为29 bp,3′-UTR为167 bp,开放阅读框长度为504 bp,编码167个氨基酸,包括长度为23个氨基酸的信号肽序列、129个氨基酸的糖识别结构域(CRD)以及参与二硫键形成的6个半胱氨酸。预测蛋白分子量为19.11 k Da,理论等电点为4.74。多序列比对结果显示,Sb-Lec1基因CRD编码的氨基酸序列与长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)、紫贻贝(Mytilus galloprovincialis)和海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)C型凝集素的同源性分别为38%~40%、34%~35%和38%~39%,Sb-Lec1基因编码的氨基酸序列与其他物种的凝集素基因具有相似的结构,均含有形成二硫键的4个保守半胱氨酸。系统进化分析结果显示,魁蚶先与贝类聚为一支,再与脊椎动物聚在一起,表明魁蚶Sb-Lec1基因在进化树上的位置与其传统分类所处位置一致。采用荧光定量PCR技术,检测了Sb-Lec1基因在组织中的表达情况,发现其在肝胰腺、血淋巴、鳃、外套膜、闭壳肌、斧足中均有表达,其中,肝胰腺表达量最高。同时,分析了Sb-Lec1基因在鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)刺激下的mRNA表达量变化情况。结果显示,与对照组相比,菌刺激组Sb-Lec1基因mRNA在各检测组织中的表达量均显著上调(P0.05),随着刺激时间的延长,表达量呈先升高后降低的趋势。本研究表明,魁蚶Sb-Lec1基因在机体免疫防御方面发挥重要功能。     

刺参响应灿烂弧菌侵染差异microRNAs鉴定及靶基因分析

microRNA参与基因的转录后调控,在真核生物的生长发育、细胞分化和免疫防御等过程中发挥重要作用。刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)病害问题已成为产业发展的主要限制因素之一,而其病害发生的分子机制尚待进一步完善。本研究以刺参重大疾病“腐皮综合征”的重要致病原灿烂弧菌(Vibrios splendidus)为侵染菌株,通过人工侵染实验制备患病刺参样本,采用miRNA-seq技术对侵染组(PT16S)和对照组(PT10H)各3头刺参的体壁组织进行miRNA测序,通过相关生物信息学软件对miRNAs进行鉴定和分析,筛选差异表达miRNAs (DEmiRNAs)并预测其靶基因,构建关键调控途径的miRNA-mRNA调控网络。结果显示,PT10H组平均得到5 902 588条有效序列,194个已知miRNA和19个新的miRNA;PT16S组平均得到5 053 529条有效序列,182个已知miRNA和42个新的miRNA。对2组鉴定到的miRNA进行差异表达分析,共筛选到2个上调和11个下调的具有显著差异的DEmiRNAs (P≤0.05),上调的DEmiRNAs靶基因预测结合到3010个靶基因,注释到585个GO terms及24条信号通路(P≤0.05),下调的DEmiRNAs靶基因预测到19 072个靶基因,注释到514个GO terms以及22条信号通路(P≤0.05)。对筛选到的DEmiRNAs进行实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)验证,显示miRNA-seq与qRT-PCR的一致率达到70%。根据KEGG分析结果构建泛素介导的蛋白水解途径和Notch信号通路的miRNA-mRNA调控网络,结果显示,13个DEmiRNAs分别靶向结合134个与泛素介导的蛋白水解相关的mRNAs和109个与Notch信号通路相关的mRNAs,Aja-miR-184、Aja-miR-2478和Aja-miR-9277p等DEmiRNAs可能参与对Notch信号通路和对泛素介导的蛋白水解的调控。相关研究结果将为刺参疾病发生调控网络建立和机制解析提供依据。     

Surface-exposed expression of Edwardsiella tarda EseB in live attenuated Vibrio anguillarum based on novel surface display systems

Live, attenuated Vibrio anguillarum strains can serve as vectors for the delivery of heterologous antigens for development of multivalent recombinant vaccines. Based on the outer membrane anchoring elements of V. anguillarum , we have previously constructed several efficient surface display systems Lpp-Omporf1, Lpp-OmpU, Lpp-Omp26La, Wza-Omporf1, Wza-OmpU and Wza-Omp26La. In this study, with these constructed surface display systems, a putative antigen protein EseB from pathogenic Edwardsiella tarda was successfully expressed on the surface of an attenuated V. anguillarum strain to get multivalent vaccine candidates. Further immune protection evaluation in zebra fish ( Danio rerio ) demonstrated that the V. anguillarum EseB-display strain AV/pW-26La-B could trigger full protection against V. anguillarum infection and early protection against E. tarda infection in the immunized fish. These results suggest that surface display of heterologous protective antigens in attenuated V. anguillarum could be used as a tool to develop potential V. anguillarum vector vaccine.     

In vitro and in vivo selection of probiotic purple nonsulphur bacteria with an ability to inhibit shrimp pathogens: acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease‐causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus and other vibrios

Shrimp cultivation has been faced with huge losses in productivity caused by infectious shrimp pathogenic vibrios, especially Vibrio parahaemolyticus that causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). Hence, purple nonsulphur bacteria (PNSB) were isolated from shrimp ponds for investigating their abilities to control shrimp pathogenic Vibrio spp. and their use as probiotics for sustainable shrimp cultivation. Based on their probiotic properties, strains S3W10 and SS15 were selected because of their strong abilities to produce amylase, gelatinase and vitamin B12. However, only three PNSB strains (SS15, TKW17 and STW181) strongly inhibited V. harveyi_KSAAHRC and V. vulnificus_KSAAHRC including V. parahaemolyticusAHPND strains by secreting antivibrio compounds. Four selected PNSB also grew in the presence of pancreatic enzymes, and they were identified as Rhodobacter sphaeroides for strains S3W10, SS15 and TKW17 and Afifella marina for strain STW181. The effects of a mixed culture were also investigated as follows: T1 (S3W10 + SS15), T2 (S3W10 + TKW17) and T3 (S3W10 + STW181) on postlarval white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) for 60 days by comparison with a control. All three probiotic PNSB sets significantly improved the digestive enzyme activities and shrimp growth with their proliferation in shrimp gastrointestinal tract although the shrimp survival was not significantly different. They also significantly reduced the cumulative mortality of shrimp exposed to a virulent AHPND strain (V. parahaemolyticusSR2). This is the first to conclude that selected probiotic PNSB strains have great potential to be used for shrimp cultivation to control vibrios including AHPND strains.     

拟态弧菌感染黄颡鱼的动态病理损伤及病原分布研究

以1.0×106CFU·m L~(-1)拟态弧菌(Vibrio mimicus)浸浴感染黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco),于第0、第4、第8、第16、第24、第36、第48、第60、第72小时剖杀取样,研究病理损伤及病原菌的体内动态分布。结果显示,皮肤肌肉、鳃、肠道出现病变最早,其中皮肤肌肉损伤最严重。第16小时表皮变性、坏死,鳃上皮肿胀,肠绒毛水肿;第24~第48小时表皮坏死、脱落,真皮严重出血,肌纤维变性、坏死,鳃出血,上皮局部坏死,肠上皮变性与灶性坏死;第48~第72小时皮肤肌肉坏死更严重,形成溃疡灶,鳃灶性坏死。肾、肝、脾与心36 h后相继出现不同程度的淤血、出血,变性和灶性坏死。q PCR检测发现,第4小时即在鳃、肠、皮肤肌肉检出病菌,细菌含量分别为1.3×102CFU·mg~(-1)、2.6×102CFU·mg~(-1)、4.7×102CFU·mg~(-1);鳃与皮肤肌肉中菌量随时间延长而增加,第72小时皮肤肌肉中菌量达到4.5×107CFU·mg~(-1);第24小时后相继在肾、肝、脾、心检出病菌,菌量介于1.9×10~4.7×102CFU·mg~(-1)之间。结果表明皮肤、鳃和肠道是病菌的入侵位点,并在体内多组织、器官分布。     

哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)ML01株胞外产物及分泌性蛋白的分离与特性分析

本研究以引起珍珠龙胆石斑鱼[Epinephelus fuscoguttatus(♀)×Epinephelus lanceolatus(♂)]幼鱼“皮肤溃疡病”的哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi) ML01株为研究对象,采用平板膜覆盖技术和柱层析技术,分离、纯化了ML01株的胞外产物及分泌性蛋白.应用毒性试验、质谱分析与分子克隆技术,对纯化的胞外产物和3种主要的分泌性蛋白进行了特性分析与鉴定.结果显示,哈维氏弧菌ML01株的胞外产物(Extracellular products,ECPs)具有酯酶、明胶酶、淀粉酶、酪蛋白酶活性,无脲酶活性.ECPs对羊红细胞无溶血性,对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)的半数致死剂量(LD50)为19.55μg/g鱼体重.从ML01株中分离到3种主要的分泌蛋白P42、P36、P31,其分子量分别为42、36、31 kDa.经质谱鉴定和分析,这3种蛋白分别为哈维氏弧菌的外膜蛋白OmpU和OmpN,以及一种功能未知的蛋白.利用同源克隆,成功地从ML01株基因组中扩增到了P42、P36、P31的基因.序列测定和比对结果显示,ML01株的这3个基因与哈维氏弧菌ATCC 33843(GenBank CP009467)的相应基因相比,其开放阅读框(Open reading frame,ORF)序列的相似性分别为97.08％、100％、99.67％,其编码的多肽序列的相似性分别为99.71％、100％和99.93％.本研究对进一步分析哈维氏弧菌ML01株的致病机理、研发该菌的亚单位疫苗具有重要的参考价值.     

臭氧对不同介质中弧菌的杀灭效果研究

选用飘浮弧菌、副溶血弧菌和溶藻弧菌3种弧菌作为实验材料,研究了臭氧对不同介质中弧茵的杀灭效果。结果表明,将臭氧浓度为0．27mg／L的臭氧化海水加入到不同介质中杀菌效果差异显著,在纯海水中4～6min即可达到100％的杀灭率;在可溶性淀粉(SS)浓度为40mg／L的海水中需要10min才能达到100％的杀灭率;在牛血清蛋白(BSA)浓度为40mg／L的海水中,12min后杀灭率仅为90．69％～94．07％。在海水中加入淀粉和牛血清蛋白,臭氧的杀菌效果下降,二者比较牛血清蛋白对臭氧杀菌效果的影响明显大于淀粉。