蔬菜盐害生理及其缓解措施的研究进展

综述了近年来蔬菜盐害生理的最新研究进展,包括盐胁迫下蔬菜种子萌发、幼苗生长、光合特性、抗氧化能力、离子分配、果实产量和品质等方面,以及一些缓解盐胁迫的农艺措施,同时分析了目前存在的问题及发展趋势。     

西宁市常见市售蔬菜中重金属含量的测定

[目的]对西宁市常见市售蔬菜进行多种重金属元素的检测,了解当地蔬菜的重金属污染情况.[方法]从西宁市市售蔬菜中随机抽取10种蔬菜共40个样品,用火焰原子吸收分光光度计（AA-6200）测定砷（As）、汞（Hg）、铬（Cr）的含量,用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度计（Z-2000）测定铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）的含量,依据《食品中污染物限量》（GB2762-2005）和《农产品安全质量无公害蔬菜安全要求》（GB18406.1-2001）进行评价.[结果]试验显示,10种蔬菜中Pb、As、Hg、Cd、Cr的含量平均值范围分别为0.006 8～0.130 0 mg/kg、0.001 8 ～0.025 0 mg/kg、0.000 01 ～0.000 64 mg/kg、O.001 4～0.023 0 mg/kg、0.012～0.110 mg/kg.[结论]研究表明,西宁市售蔬菜中Pb、As、Hg、Cd、Cr的重金属污染状况较低,均未超出综合污染指数的范围,达到了国家无公害蔬菜的安全标准.     

IC厌氧反应器处理蔬菜垃圾的试验研究

[目的]探索处理蔬菜垃圾的厌氧发酵新方法.[方法]通过IC厌氧反应器处理白菜叶子榨汁废水,测定进出水COD、pH等指标以及反应器的产沼气效率.[结果] IC反应器稳定运行后,COD去除率达到85％左右,负荷可以达到15.9 kg COD/（m3·d）,其中每kgCOD可以产生约0.5 m3的沼气.[结论]IC厌氧反应器处理蔬菜垃圾产生了能源,有效解决了蔬菜垃圾的处理,同时简化了处理设施.     

紫外可见分光光度法测定白菜中硝酸盐含量

[目的]探究紫外分光光度法用于测定蔬菜中硝酸盐的含量是否快捷、方便、准确.[方法]选取日常生活中常见的、代表性较强的白菜为材料,分别放置0、2、4、6、8d,用亚铁氰化钾、乙酸锌、硼酸、活性炭等试剂处理蔬菜匀浆,制得待测液.采用紫外分光光度法测定蔬菜样品待测液中硝酸盐含量,并做加标回收试验,以判断试验准确度.[结果]该方法加标回收率较高,说明准确度较高,RSD小于3.7％,具有较高的精密度.[结论]此方法操作简便、结果准确,适用于蔬菜中硝酸盐含量的测定.     

我国保护地蔬菜害虫生物防治研究进展

当前保护地蔬菜害虫为害日益严重,鉴于化学农药防治易造成污染,生物防治必将成为保护地蔬菜害虫防治的优选。对常见的生物防治技术和方法,包括天敌昆虫、昆虫病原微生物、昆虫信息素、杀虫抗生素、植物源农药及新兴生物技术在害虫生物防治中的应用作一简要概述,为保护地蔬菜安全生产提供技术指导。     

果蔬通风预冷技术研究进展

预冷是现代果蔬流通体系的重要内容，也是冷链流通的首要环节。它可以迅速排除果蔬采后的田间热，降低呼吸作用，延缓其成熟衰老的速度，提高贮藏寿命。通风预冷因其适应性广、投资和运转费用少，易于在生产上推广应用，是较为实用、有效的预冷方法。介绍了预冷保鲜的作用和方法，综述了通风预冷技术的研究与发展状况，提出了发展预冷环节需要考虑和解决的问题。     

Role of wheel tracks in runoff generation and erosion under vegetable production on a clay loam soil at Pukekohe, New Zealand

The effects of wheel traffic on soil surface hydraulic properties, and consequent effects on erosion, following planting of vegetable crops in beds have not been widely studied. This paper describes two trials to quantify how wheel tracks influence infiltration and erosion rates, and assesses the value of cultivating wheel tracks for reducing erosion. The trials were carried out under natural rainfall, on Dystric Nitosols with clay loam texture and strong, stable structure. Net rates of erosion from onion (Allium cepa L.) beds with cultivated or uncultivated inter-bed wheel tracks were measured with erosion pins and repeat topographic surveys of sediment trapped in silt fences. Infiltration rates in onion beds, cultivated and uncultivated wheel tracks, and changes in infiltration rates through winter, spring, and summer, were measured using the double-ring, ponded-water method.

Differences in erosion rate were only measured in the second trial in which erosion rate from the uncultivated treatment was 21 Mg ha⁻¹, compared to 1 Mg ha⁻¹ for the cultivated treatment. Erosion occurred through mobilisation of soil along the edge and base of the wheel tracks, with no evidence of erosion of the onion beds. Most of the eroded soil comprised soil aggregates, with 75% between 0.25 and 4 mm in diameter, suggesting soil was transported in runoff along the wheel tracks as stable aggregates. Uncultivated wheel tracks had very low infiltration rates compared to onion beds and cultivated wheel tracks. The differences in infiltration rates between cultivated and uncultivated wheel tracks were consistent in both trials, with minor differences due to rainfall patterns and the implements used to cultivate wheel tracks. There were clear trends in infiltration rates through time, with rates in the uncultivated wheel tracks increasing during the growing season from 1.4×10⁻⁷ to 2.1×10⁻⁵ ms⁻¹ and in onion beds from 1.1×10⁻⁴ to 2.5×10⁻⁴ ms⁻¹, while rates in the cultivated wheel tracks decreased from 1.7×10⁻² to 2.4×10⁻³ ms⁻¹. The major increase of infiltration rate in uncultivated wheel tracks occurred after October when the soil surface began to dry out, and frequent wetting and drying cycles caused the compacted surface soil to crack. Most erosion occurred in the winter/early spring period when storm frequency and rainfall intensity was highest, and infiltration rates in the uncultivated wheel tracks lowest. Cultivating wheel tracks is a simple and effective practice to increase infiltration of rainfall and reduce erosion rates on clay-rich, strongly structured soils.     

太谷县蔬菜大棚中土壤肥力分析与评价

对山西省太谷县35个蔬菜大棚中土壤肥力进行监测与分析,结果表明:该地大棚土壤中有机质含量较缺乏,而碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量较高,微量元素锰、锌、铜、铁含量较丰富。全盐量仍处于较低水平。本研究可为提高当地大棚蔬菜产量和改善蔬菜品质,克服土壤障碍因素,合理施肥提供科学依据。     

用二次微分电位溶出法测定蔬菜中痕量铅

建立了二次微分电位溶出法测定蔬菜中铅含量的新方法,优化了试验条件,如pH值、电沉积电位、平衡电位等.结果表明,铅的线性测定范围为O～160ng,相关系数r=0.9999,铅的检出限为O.59ng/ml.该法测定蔬菜中铅含量的结果与石墨原子吸收法在0.05水平上无差异.     

对中国外向型蔬菜产业现状和发展的思考与建议*

中国蔬菜出口有以下的特点:出口量不断提高,但平均价格有下降的趋势;以保鲜蔬菜出口为主,冷冻蔬菜、蔬菜汁、脱水蔬菜发展较快;出口市场单一,价格偏低。入世后,蔬菜出口遭遇绿色壁垒,加上产品卫生质量和包装等问题,出口量将受到一定影响。但国际蔬菜市场需求量仍在增加,应大力提高蔬菜品质,成立行业组织规范出口秩序,积极开展国际认证,扶持蔬菜龙头企业,加速蔬菜产业发展。