高黎贡山自然保护区隆阳管理所实行社区共管的探讨

高黎贡山自然保护区隆阳管理所，辖面积45 700hm^2。其周边社区为多民族聚居区，生产落后，生活贫困，村民在保护区乱采滥挖，破坏生物多样性，构成了对保护区的威胁。近几年来保护区改变思路，实行社区共管，成立农民生物多样性保护协会，实施中荷合作森林保护与社区发展项目，取得了一定的效果。分析了存在的问题。提出了必须采取的措施。     

Uncertainty analysis favours selection of spatially aggregated reserve networks

It has been widely argued that habitat fragmentation is bad for (meta)population persistence and that a high level of fragmentation is a similarly undesirable characteristic for a reserve network. However, modelling the effects of fragmentation for many species is very difficult due to high data demands and uncertainty concerning its effect on particular species. Hence, several reserve selection methods employ qualitative heuristics such as boundary length penalties that aggregate reserve network structures. This aggregation usually comes at a cost because low quality habitats will be included for the sake of increased connectivity. Here a biologically justified method for designing aggregated reserve networks based on a technique called distribution smoothing is investigated. As with the boundary length penalty, its use incurs an apparent biological cost. However, taking a step further, potential negative effects of fragmentation on individual species are evaluated using a decision-theoretic uncertainty analysis approach. This analysis shows that the aggregated reserve network (based on smoothed distributions) is likely to be biologically more valuable than a more fragmented one (based on habitat model predictions). The method is illustrated with a reserve design case study in the Hunter Valley of south-eastern Australia. The uncertainty analysis method, based on information-gap decision theory, provides a systematic framework for making robust decisions under severe uncertainty, making it particularly well adapted to reserve design problems.     

Forest plant biological diversity in Liangshui Nature Reserve

lntroductionBiologicaldiversityorbiodiversityischaracteristicofdiverseandlivingentitygrouporcIass.Diversityexistsatthreedifferentlevelsfwithinspecies(ge-netic),speciesandecosystemIevels.ltisthebasiccharacteristicoflivingsystem(Solbrig1991).UnfoFtunately,explodinghumanpopuIations,6biI-lionpeoplearedegradingtheenvironmentatanac-ceIeratingrate,especialIyindevelopingandundevel-opedcountries.BetWeen2Oand25percentofallthespeciesonEarthmaydisappearwithinthenext3oto4oyears.MeanwhileworIdwidescien…     

玉龙雪山自然保护区国家重点保护野生动植物资源及保护对策

通过野外考察和查阅文献资料,按照《濒危野生动植物国际贸易公约》附录I、附录Ⅱ及国家颁布的重点保护野生动植物名录,对丽江玉龙雪山省级自然保护区重点保护野生动植物资源进行分级和简要评价。针对野生植物资源保护中存在的问题,提出保护好栖息地,开展极小种群物种拯救保护项目,深入进行宣传教育,加大旅游业反哺社区力度等保护管理对策。     

古田山国家自然保护区常绿阔叶林植物物种多样性研究

分析了古田山自然保护区常绿阔叶林植物区系和物种多样性。结果表明：古田山自然保护区常绿阔叶林植物种类十分丰富，计有维管束植物64科114属198种（含变种），其中蕨类植物7科8属19种，裸子植物2科2属2种，被子植物55科104属177种。种子植物区系成分复杂，具有较高的热带成分比例。不同群落类型其物种多样性不同, 4种常绿阔叶林群落类型中以栲树林物种多样性最高，甜槠—木荷林物种多样性最低。在群落垂直结构中，除钩栗林外，灌木层→乔木层→草本层物种多样性依次降低. 乔木层与灌木层的物种多样性指数差异不显著, 而乔木层、灌木层的物种多样性指数均显著大于草本层。     

One- and two-objective approaches to an area-constrained habitat reserve site selection problem

We compare several ways to model a habitat reserve site selection problem in which an upper bound on the total area of the selected sites is included. The models are cast as optimization coverage models drawn from the location science literature. Classic covering problems typically include a constraint on the number of sites that can be selected. If potential reserve sites vary in terms of area, acquisition cost or land value, then sites need to be differentiated by these characteristics in the selection process. To address this within the optimization model, the constraint on the number of selected sites can either be replaced by one limiting the total area of the selected sites or area minimization can be incorporated as a second objective. We show that for our dataset and choice of optimization solver average solution time improves considerably when an area-constrained reserve site selection problem is modeled as a two objective rather than a single objective problem with a constraint limiting the total area of the selected sites. Computational experience is reported using a large dataset from Australia.     

十万大山国家级自然保护区珍稀濒危植物的多样性

在对广西十万大山国家级自然保护区植物种质资源进行全面调查研究的基础上,根据中国及国际有关珍稀濒危植物评估的标准体系,分析和统计该保护区珍稀濒危植物多样性状况,结果表明:保护区珍稀濒危植物多样性丰富(44科85属145种),其中国家重点保护野生植物15种(其中Ⅰ级2种,Ⅱ级13种),占保护区植物种数的0.67%;被列入《世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)物种红色名录濒危等级和标准》的有27种,占1.21%,,被列入《中国物种红色名录》(第一册)的达110种,占4.92%;被列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》附录的79种(其中附录Ⅰ有1种,附录Ⅱ有77种,附录Ⅲ有1种),占3.54%。     

Assessing the impacts of roads in peri-urban reserves: Road-based fatalities and road usage by wildlife in the Royal National Park, New South Wales, Australia

For protected reserves set aside for conservation, the impact of roads and traffic on wildlife can be severe, particularly for those in the peri-urban environment. Often reserves possess many sealed roads that have regular traffic from tourists and local residents. As managerial bodies struggle to control the wide variety of threats to the fauna within these reserves, the loss of life on roads only compounds the precarious nature of wildlife survival in these disturbed environments. As a first step to addressing this concern in Australia, this study quantifies the fatalities of wildlife killed on roads within the Royal National Park in New South Wales, and estimates those wildlife species using roadside habitat in order to identify species susceptible to collisions. Modelling of fatality data indicated that mammals were most likely to be killed where forage was abundant on the roadside verge and where there was plenty of protective cover, while birds were most likely to be killed when the height of roadside vegetation was low. A number of collision hotspots were identified along the surveyed road that should be the target of mitigation efforts. The average speed of vehicles travelling within the park peaked at night. This is of particular concern as activity by Australian mammals tends to be greatest at night. The findings indicate that roads in peri-urban reserves have the potential to alter the movement of animals and impact on their populations through loss of life.     

亮叶水青冈幼树的生态学研究

１９９０～１９９１年，对生长在空旷地和半荫蔽条件下亮叶水青冈幼树的生长、形态、结构及生物量进行了比较研究。结果表明：生长在空旷地上的水青冈幼树，其主干、直径和侧枝生长量及生物量均极显著地高于半荫蔽条件下的幼树；两类幼树的树冠形态和结构也存在很大的差异，生长在空旷地的幼树具有宽而大，呈广卵形的树冠，而半荫蔽条件下的幼树树冠狭窄、扁平，呈叶型树冠。研究表明，亮叶水青冈与其它的水青冈种类明显不同，它是一个中性偏阳的树种。     

Integration of species persistence, costs and conflicts: An evaluation of tree conservation strategies in Cambodia

Cambodia forms part of the Indo-Burma hotspot. Its extent of biodiversity, however, is subject to considerable uncertainty, as there has been little systematic collection of flora and fauna. During the Khmer Rouge regime institutions were banned, academics were prosecuted and written documentation systematically destroyed. Compared with neighbouring countries Cambodia has a low population density and relatively large natural areas that are still intact. However, deforestation is expanding rapidly and a significant but un-estimated area of forest has been degraded by development of agro-industries, encroachment, illegal logging, over-harvesting and forest fire as well as the use of chemicals during war. The purpose of the paper is to: (i) apply reserve selection methods to design more robust conservation networks when knowledge of species occurrence is incomplete and habitat is threatened, and (ii) evaluate the usefulness of systematic conservation planning in a developing country where data are limited and institutions for implementation are weak. This study investigates the performance of four non-probabilistic strategies: (i) a so-called ‘rule of thumb’, (ii) hotspot, (iii) minimum cost representation, and (iv) maximum coverage; and one probabilistic design strategy, i.e. maximum expected coverage. The maximum expected coverage approach is between 15% and 24% more efficient than the non-probabilistic strategies. Finally, the relevance of such tools to real-world conservation planning in Cambodia is investigated. By incorporating experts in the generation of data, running the models and setting up premises, they acknowledge that it is possible to contribute to more systematic conservation planning in developing countries.