大麦杂优利用中强优势组合的选择和恢复系恢复能力的研究

利用新选育出的质核互作型雄性不育系和筛选出的恢复系配制杂种，研究了恢复系恢复基因的恢复能力，并从杂种后代表现讨论了强优势组合的选配应注意的问题。     

小麦光敏不育系皖901S研究初报

皖９０１５是安徽省农科院作物研究所发现并育成的一个新型光敏感型雄性不育系。该材料在合肥地区（Ｎ３１°５１°）短日低温条件下表现为全不育，在长日温暖条件下表现正常可育。在小麦正常发育的温度范围内，其育性转换过程随光周期的变化而发生，光周期对育性的影响远大于温度的影响。与其他类型雄性不育材料比较，皖９０１Ｓ通过长日条件下自交更易保持，且短日条件下育性表现稳定，雄性败育彻底，并能为大多数普通小麦品种所恢复。皖９０１Ｓ的两系杂种Ｆ１代优势明显，它的育成为小麦杂种优势利用开辟了一条新途径。     

Studies on the Photoperiod Sensitive Characters of Male Fertility Alteration of Peiai64S‘ Main Male Genic Sterile Gene

Peiai64S, an indica male sterile rice with a male fertility alteration under different environments, is selected from the offspring of indica rice crossed with Nongken58S. Nongken58S, a japonica photoperiod sensitive genic male sterile rice (PGMS), deriving from a natural mutant plant individual of normal japonica rice variety, Nongken58, is used as a male sterile gene donor of Peiai64S. But Peiai64S is not a typical PGMS rice, the male fertility is sensitive to temperature just as thermo-sensitive genic male sterile rice (TGMS). We have selected typical PGMS plants in F2 population of Peiai64S × Nongken58, whose ratio of fertile plants to sterile plants is nearly 3:1. The sterility inheritance conformed to one pair of gene segregation model. The result indicates the main male sterile gene in Peiai64S is not other than the PGMS gene, and comes from Nongken58S. The genetic background affects effective expression of the PGMS gene. This suggests that we ought to focus on optimizing the genetic background of the PGMS gene in PGMS rice breeding, and select an ideal genetic background as a transgenic background in molecular breeding.     

光温敏核不育水稻的育性及花药的发育解剖学研究

采用形态解剖学的方法比较观察了6个光温敏雄性不育水稻品种的花药发育状况,并从始穗期起抽检花粉育性,结果表明,各不育水稻的雄蕊发育第5期的绒毡层细胞均明显小于对照品种,细胞质也不浓厚;药幅维管束的导管、筛管管腔较小,维管束鞘细胞较小。在花药发育的第8期,药隔维管束的韧皮部和木质部的界限仍不明显,药壁较厚。     

几个光温敏核不育水稻品种组织培养特性的研究

选用了两系杂交稻的母本光温敏核不育系籼稻品种培矮64S、粳稻品种农垦58S和7001S作为材料，对其在组织培养中愈伤组织诱导和植株再生进行了比较研究，结果表明，不同水稻品种和不同外植体状态在愈伤组织诱导上有较大的差异，对籼稻品种而言，幼胚愈伤组织诱导率明显高于成熟胚；而对粳稻品种而言，幼胚与成熟胚愈伤组织诱导率没明显差异．培养基种类对愈伤组织诱导影响不大，但对愈伤组织状态有显著影响．培矮7001S使用MB培养基较好；农垦58S和7001S使用NB培养基较佳．籼稻品种植株再生率明显低于粳稻品种．愈伤组织断代超过3个月，再生频率下降．     

籼型两系杂交稻主要农艺性状配合力及遗传力分析

用我国新近育成的10个光温敏核不育水稻和3个优良恢复系按NCⅡ交配设计,对11个主要农艺性状的配合力及遗传力进行分析。结果表明:①除单株穗数、千粒重、单株产量、相对日产量的非加性效应不明显外,其他性状加性和非加性效应均有显著作用,且均以加性效应为主,但穗长、每穗总粒数、着粒密度3个性状的非加性效应较大。②F1大多数农艺性状受不育系影响比恢复系大,仅株高、每穗总粒数、千粒重等受恢复系的影响较大。③不育系以208S、培矮64S和02-142最好,恢复系以扬稻6号最好,其次是E 32和宁108。④11个农艺性状遗传力由大到小依次为播始历期、株高、结实率、每穗实粒数、相对日产量、千粒重、穗长、着粒密度、每穗总粒数、单株产量、单株穗数。     

植物显性核不育恢复性遗传的理论研究

植物雄性显性核不育的恢复基因已在甘蓝型油菜、谷子、水稻和大白菜等8种作物中发现。关于恢复性遗传机制的解释有复等位基因和显性上位作用两种假说。本文从理论上详细讨论了两种假说下共8种可能情况的遗传后果,并证明仅根据不育株×恢复系的F_1,F_2,F_3和回交世代的育性分离情况,很难准确区分这两种机制的各种可能。本文提出了准确区分这两种假说下各种情况的遗传设计。     

蜡质基因研究进展

蜡质基因是编码直链淀粉合成的关键基因．从蜡质基因和直链淀粉合成的关系、糯性的研究进展、蜡质基因的序列结构、蜡质基因中核蛋白结合位点、转录后水平的调控以及Wx座上的微卫星序列等几个方面综述了蜡质基因的研究进展．     

Detection and Analysis of High Temperature Sensitivity of TGMS Lines in Rice Using AMMI Model

With the AMMI(additive main effects and multiplicative interaction)analysis model,the determination of the sensitivity to temperature among different TGMS(thermo-sensitive genic male sterile)lines was performed. To assess the genetic differences due to high temperature stress at. the fertility-sensitive stage(10- 20 d before heading),seven genotypes(six TGMS lines and the control Pei-Ai64S)were grown from May 4 at seven different stages with 10d intervals. The temperatures at. the fertility-sensitive stages involved twelve levels from ＜ 20 to ＞30℃ under the regime natural conditions in Hangzhou,China. There was considerable variation in pollen fertility among genotypes in response to high temperature. Five genotypes identified as TGMS lines as their percentages of fertile pollens were lower than or close to that. of the. control except for the unstable line RTS19(V6). When the temperatures at. the fertility-sensitive stage were at Ⅰ -Ⅳ,Ⅴ-Ⅵ and Ⅶ-Ⅻ,the percentages of fertile pollens varied in the ranges of 46.46- 48.49%,19.62-22.79% and 3.49- 5.87%,respectively. The critical temperatures of sterility and fertility in the five TGMS lines were 25.1 and 23.0℃,respectively. Considering the amounts and directions of main effect and their IPCA(interaction principal components analysis),we can classify the lines and temperature levels into different groups,and describe the characteristics of genotyPe x temperature interaction,offering the information and tools for the development and utility of thermo-sensitive male sterile lines.Several TGMS rice lines with their reproductive sensitivity to high temperature that can be screened using the AMMI model may add valuable germplasm to the breeding program of hybrid rice.