水稻两用核不育系C815S的选育与利用

用安献零S作母本,培矮64S作父本杂交,通过自然气候条件和人工低温对育性的增压选择,经过5年10代的定向培育,于2002年育成具有不育起点温度低、理想株型、优质、广亲和、高异率、配合力强的两用核不育系C815S,2004年通过湖南省农作物品种审定委员会审定.已选配出C两优396、C两优87、C两优343、C两优755、C两优1102等一批超级杂交稻新组合通过湖南省审定或在国家和省区试中表现突出.该不育系的育成,是优质超级稻选育的重大突破.     

植物基因工程在作物育种中的应用与展望

从抗虫、抗病、抗除草剂、抗逆以及品质改良、改善发育状况、提高光合作用和固氮效率等方面论述了基因工程在作物育种中的具体应用和进展,阐述了基因工程改良作物品种的方法和优点。通过植物基因工程获得的转基因作物主要有大豆、玉米、棉花、油菜和烟草,并开始大面积应用于农业生产,取了得较好的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益。分析了植物基因工程在作物育种中广阔前景,有望培育出高产优质、集高光效、抗虫、抗病、抗除草剂和抗逆等特性于一体的作物新品种。解决了人类所面临的资源短缺、环境恶化和效益衰退的三大难题,为农业的持续、稳定发展提供了有力保障。     

籼稻光敏不育系Hs－1的选育报告

本文报道采用花培技术育成籼型光敏不育系Ｈｓ－１的选育研究，包括短光敏和低温敏相结合的育种目标的提出依据、育种技术路线和选育经过．人工气候箱和自然光温条件鉴定结果表明，Ｈｓ－１的育性具有明显的光敏特性，临界光长较短（１２．５－１２．０ｈ）、临界温度较低（＜２３．１℃）．根据形态分类结果，Ｈｓ－１归属籼型（６分）．Ｈｓ－１基本营养生长性较强，播始天数８８－１０９ｄ；经济性状、异交特性和配合力较好     

太谷核不育小麦的研究和利用

太谷核不育小麦是我国在小麦中首次发现的显性基因型雄不育突变体，本文对太谷核不育小麦的不育性遗传分析，细胞学特征、败育过程中的生理生化变化及其在种质资源创新和小麦育种上的利用等方面进行了综述，并且在其研究和利用的前景进行了展望。     

籼型两用核不育系水稻培矮64S的育性表达──幼穗发育过程中的NAD~ -MDH和AP同工酶的变化

以籼型两用不育系水稻培矮645和常规稻粳籼89为材料，采用PAGE分析同工酶的方法，比较水稻幼穗发育过程中花粉母细胞形成期、减数分裂期和花粉完熟期NAD＋-MDH和AP同工酶的变化，以期了解不育系的育性转换与表达机理。结果表明，在1993年2月25日、3月10日和3月30日三期播种的水稻培矮645均表现不育，花粉不育度在99.7％以上，结实率在0.3％以下，1994年8月1日播种的培矮645表现可育，结实率在19％以上，而同期播种的常规稻粳籼89均能得到正常结实，结实率在68％以上。同时发现1993年培矮645的不育性在花粉完熟期与颖花及花药的NAD＋-MDH活性的显著降低关系较大。在花粉母细胞形成期一减数分裂期与颖花AP的活性及同工酶组成的变化关系较密切。1994年表现可育的培矮645与粳籼89相比不存在这种差异。由此可认为培矮645育性表达可能与花粉发育前期的脂肪代谢以及花粉发育后期的呼吸代谢有关。     

Ta1小麦不同轮选世代不育株的HMW-GS组成与分析

为了给Ta1小麦轮选育种提供一定的参考．利用SDS—PAGE方法对Ta1小麦轮选群体C2、C5世代不育株及亲本的HMW—GS组成与变异进行分析。结果表明；（1）C2世代不育株的HMW-GS变异十分广泛。变异系数高速94．2％。31种亚基组合中“1，7＋8，2＋12”出现频率最高。Glu—B1位点亚基变异最丰富，有15种类型，而且产生了7、22、13＋16等亲本中不存在的亚基；Glu—D1位点优质亚基5＋10仅占18．0％，2＋12亚基仍占明显优势。（2）C5世代不育株的HMW—GS变异较亲本广泛，29种亚基组合中．杂合的“1，7＋8／14＋15，5＋10”出现频率最高（12．7％），其余皆小于7．0％；Glu—B1位点变异类型仅有9种，且多为杂合。C5世代优质亚基5＋10、14＋15出现频率提高至40．0％和32．0％，但变异系数降为80．7％，表明轮选效果明显，但C5世代群体的遗传异质性较C2世代呈下降趋势。     

分子标记辅助选择改良水稻不育系‘荃211S’白叶枯病的抗性

本研究旨在提高优质两系光温敏型核不育系‘荃211S’的白叶枯病抗性。以‘荃211S’为受体亲本,以含有抗白叶枯病Xa23基因的CBB23为供体亲本,通过分子标记辅助选择技术与常规育种技术相结合,筛选抗白叶病的不育株系。筛选出4个改良不育株系QK211S-1~QK211S-4。改良‘荃211S’株系的农艺性状、育性转换温度、异交结实率与‘荃211S’相近,但在白叶枯病抗性上明显增强,表现出高抗或抗,抗性级别0~2。改良‘荃211S’株系所配组合与‘荃211S’所配组合在株高、每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重的差异不显著,但白叶枯病抗性显著增强,抗性级别为1,高抗。改良的4个‘荃211S’株系为选育抗病水稻品种奠定了基础,可以直接在生产中应用。     

光敏核不育水稻幼苗叶片脂氧合酶活性及其基因表达的昼夜变化

为探查光敏核不育(PGMS)水稻中脂氧合酶(LOX)活性的光暗期变化特性,以PGMS水稻N5088S和D38S、常规水稻中早25、盐粳7号和中嘉早17及三系不育水稻G2A和东B11A为材料,在不同光周期(12L/12D、14L/10D和10L/14D)和光/暗期温度(30℃/30℃和30℃/26℃)下,研究了其幼苗叶片中LOX活性的昼夜变化,并采用RT-PCR方法对PGMS水稻幼苗叶片进行LOX基因的昼夜表达分析。结果表明,在所有光周期和培养温度处理下,PGMS水稻LOX活性均表现出暗期高而光期低的昼夜变化规律,但常规水稻和三系不育水稻的LOX活性均无明显的光暗期差异;暗期PGMS水稻LOX活性显著高于常规水稻和三系不育水稻。在12L/12D光周期和30℃/26℃(L/D)的培养温度下,检测的13个LOX基因中,检测到8个Os LOX基因,OsLOX2、Os LOX3、Os LOX4、Os LOX8和Os LOX13等基因的表达丰度在N5088S和/或D38S幼苗叶片中呈现暗期高光期低的趋势。因此,光敏核不育水稻N5088S和D38S幼苗叶片LOX活性及Os LOX家族的部分基因的表达具有明显的暗期高光期低的变化特征。     

Elongation of the Uppermost Internode for Changxuan 3S,a Thermo- Sensitive Genic Male Sterile Rice Line

Changxuan 3S, a thermo-sensitive genic male sterile （TGMS） rice line with eui gene, is derived from the TGMS rice line Pei＇ai 64S by irradiation with 350 Gy of ^60Co γ-ray. To elucidate the uppermost internode elongation of the TGMS line with eui gene, Changxuan 3S and its parent Pei＇ai 64S were used to study the effects of temperature on panicle exsertion. At 24℃, the uppermost internode of Changxuan 3S elongated the fastest from the 4^th day before flowering to 0 day （flowering）, being 2.1-fold as that of Pei＇ai 64S, whereas it elongated slowly during the 12^th day to the 4^th day before flowering and the 1^st to the 3^rd day after flowering. The uppermost internode of Changxuan 3S exserted from the flag leaf sheath at 22℃, 24℃ and 26℃, and the length of elongated uppermost internode increased with the decreasing temperatures. At 28℃, though the panicles of Changxuan 3S were still enclosed in the leaf sheath, the degree of panicle enclosure was significantly lower compared with Pei＇ai 64S. Cytological studies on Changxuan 3S showed that the uppermost internode elongation was attributed to the increase of cell number and cell elongation, and the latter was more significant. Moreover, the numbers of outermost and innermost parenchyma cells and the cell length of the uppermost internode reduced with the increasing temperatures.     

Interaction between the eui gene and thermo-sensitive genic male sterility in rice

Panicle enclosure is a typical phenotype of almost all male-sterile rice lines. An elongated uppermost internode (eui) mutant exhibited notably rapid elongation of the uppermost internode at the heading stage; this is considered as a potential mechanism to eliminate panicle enclosure. We developed thermo-sensitive genic male-sterile (TGMS) eui mutants that were characterized by notably elongated uppermost internodes. The elongation of the uppermost internode in the TGMS eui mutant Changxuan 3S (CX) is mainly attributed to an increase in cell number and cell elongation, the latter being the more significant process. Temperature treatments revealed that the effects of temperature on panicle exsertion were similar to those on fertility and that the most temperature-sensitive stage coincides with the period from the formation of the pollen mother cell to meiosis during panicle initiation. These results indicate that elongation increases as temperature decreases and that the expression of the eui gene is more efficient at low temperatures than at high temperatures. In hybrid rice seed production using the TGMS eui mutant, the temperature range should be optimized at 24–28°C in order to preserve the development of completely male-sterile pollen and to eliminate panicle enclosure. Consequently, by using TGMS eui rice lines, gibberellin application can be avoided, thereby reducing the cost of hybrid seed production. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.