Estimating biomass and macronutrient content of some commercially important plantation species in South Africa

The removal of biomass, in any combination of stemwood, bark or branch harvesting, can cause a significant increase in nutrient loss from commercial timber plantations. Ensuring long-term site productivity of forest plantations is a key issue for forestry management. Managers need to secure a continued supply of tree biomass components, while understanding the impact of various harvesting operations on plantation nutrient reserves. It is imperative to quantify the biomass and nutrient stocks and their removal during silvicultural operations, such as harvesting, burning and various forms of site preparation. At present, there are no simple methods to estimate inherent site nutrient reserves, or nutrient gains through processes such as atmospheric deposition or rock weathering, or the quantities of nutrients lost through silvicultural operations (harvesting, burning and site preparation). The aim of this work was to construct simple multipliers that can be used in conjunction with plantation timber volumes to estimate stem, branch and bark biomass and nutrient contents. The multipliers were developed from data existing for Eucalyptus spp., Pinus patula and Acacia mearnsii stands throughout the summer rainfall region of South Africa and Swaziland. Due to limited data unique nutrient multipliers were not developed for each productivity range and the multipliers were assumed to be consistent across all productivity ranges. The ratios may underestimate on fertile sites where luxury consumption of nutrients may occur and not accurately predict where stand management practices have altered wood density, allometry or canopy architecture. Although genus and species impacted on the quantity of nutrients held in the plantation biomass, productivity and harvesting intensity were the biggest driver of nutrient removal. Although the multipliers developed here have value in creating a general estimate of nutrient content they are from a limited dataset and need to be expanded upon across species, site and age ranges before being able to precisely estimate nutrient contents. Although harvesting is a major component of nutrient export, natural additions and losses of nutrients, and site nutrient reserves need to be known in order to gain a complete understanding of the impact of nutrient loss on site nutrient reserves.     

镉胁迫对3种草本植物种子萌发及幼苗初期抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用水培方法,研究不同浓度镉(Cd)胁迫对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)、白三叶(Trifolium repens L.)、孔雀草(Tagetes patula L.)种子萌发及幼苗初期抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,合适浓度的Cd胁迫可以促进3种草本植物种子的萌发,高浓度Cd胁迫对3种草本植物的根长和苗长抑制效应明显,且对根长的抑制作用大于苗长.在不同质量浓度Cd胁迫下,3种草本植物抗氧化酶的活性对Cd胁迫表现出不同程度的生理响应,以降低Cd胁迫对幼苗的伤害.可见,3种草本植物的种子对Cd胁迫具有一定的耐性,可用于盆栽试验,研究植物对Cd的胁迫的生理抗性及重金属富集.     

万寿菊雄性不育系SRAP-PCR体系建立与优化

本研究以万寿菊雄性不育系2-2基因组DNA为试验材料,采用单因素和L16(45)正交设计对SRAPPCR反应体系的Mg2+、d NTPs、Taq酶、引物和模板DNA浓度进行优化,以得到最佳的SRAP-PCR反应体系。结果表明最佳反应体系为:20μL体系中Mg2+2.0 mmol/L、d NTPs 0.3 mmol/L、Taq酶0.75 U、引物0.2μmol/L、模板DNA 80 ng。应用建立的反应体系对退火温度进行优化,得到两步退火温度分别为35℃和50.2℃。最后用9个万寿菊雄性不育两用系材料组对所得PCR体系进行验证,证明该体系具有较高的稳定性和重复性,可为筛选与万寿菊雄性不育基因连锁的特异性标记奠定基础。     

正常和高铵条件下氯化钠对万寿菊生长、开花和代谢的影响

在温室中以养分平衡的肥料组合和含250mg/L NH_4~+的组合栽培万寿菊(Tagetes patula L.)。每种组合中以一半植株每天每盆加250 mL 27.5 mmol/L NaCl溶液,进行盐胁迫处理。盐处理结果,使每株鲜重、株高和开花数都减少。盐处理2周后,根、叶细胞膜相对透性显著增加,叶子热处理渗出物中游离NH_4~+、根渗出物中Na~+。以及叶子中的过氧化物酶、Mg~(2+)-ATP酶和Ca~(2+)-ATP酶活性都明显提高,而根、叶渗出液的pH和蛋白质含量显著降低。根渗出物中游离NH_4~+、K~+和Ca~(2+)含量,叶子中叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质、无机磷和多酚氧化酶活性也下降,但未发现叶子渗出物中Na~+有所增加。在正常营养条件下,盐胁迫对叶子中的类胡萝卜素和花青素影响较小,但高NH_4~+处理使这些色素含量显著降低。高NH_4~+一般使NaCl的效应加剧。     

植物生长延缓剂对万寿菊穴盘苗生长的控制作用研究

试验研究不同浓度的植物生长延缓剂比久(B9)、矮壮素(CCC)和多效唑(PP333)溶液对万寿菊穴盘苗生长的控制作用结果表明,B9、CCC及PP333处理万寿菊穴盘苗的最佳浓度分别为2500mg/kg、0.3%和60mg/kg,适宜浓度分别为1000~2500mg/kg、0.1%~0.3%、10~60mg/kg。3种延缓剂最佳浓度处理对万寿菊穴盘苗生长的控制作用60mg/kg PP333处理>0.3?C处理>2500mg/kg B9处理,且60mg/kg PP333处理成本最低。当CCC处理浓度>1.0%时万寿菊穴盘苗出现药害现象。     

不同基因型孔雀草高效植株再生体系的建立

 将孔雀草品种T. patula'Little Hero Golden'的叶片、子叶和下胚轴接种于4种含有不同浓度IAA、NAA和BA的MS培养基上，比较不同外植体的再生植株的能力。结果表明，叶片再生植株能力较子叶和下胚轴强。随后，进一步将其叶片接种于9种添加不同浓度NAA和BA的MS培养基上，分化结果显示，在MS+NAA 1.5 mg·L-1+BA 1.0 mg·L-1的培养基上植株再生率最高，达75%。5份材料的叶片分别接种在该培养基上，再生率均达70%以上，其中T. patula21614的再生率达85%。所有再生植株均能成苗并表现出正常的形态特征。从而建立了适合于５种基因型孔雀草的离体高效再生体系。     

万寿菊根部生物碱类提取物抑菌活性成分的研究

通过万寿菌根部生物碱类提取物对西瓜枯萎病菌抑制作用的研究,结果表明,在万寿菊根中分离出5类具有抑菌活性的生物碱,其中水溶性生物碱对西瓜枯萎病菌菌丝生长有较好的抑制作用.     

~(60)Co-γ射线对孔雀草种子的发芽率及幼苗生长的影响

用不同剂量60Co-γ射线辐射孔雀草种子,研究射线对种子发芽率和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:发芽率和辐射剂量呈负相关;芽长和辐射剂量呈正相关,而根长和辐射剂量呈微相关。     

EFFECT OF COTTONSEED MEAL WITH OR WITHOUT SOAPSTOCK,CANOLA MEAL,OR UREA ON SOIL FERTILITY AND GROWTH OF MARIGOLD AND REDBUD

The effects of incorporating or topdressing with cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L.) meal with or without soapstock, canola (Brassica rapa L.) meal, urea, or no amendment (control) were investigated using plants of marigold (Tagetes erecta L. ‘Inca II Gold’ or ‘Inca II Yellow’) and redbud (Cercis canadensis L.) in a Norge loam (fine-silty, mixed, thermic Udic Paleustolls) at Stillwater, OK in 2008 and 2009. Fertilizers were applied in May at 4.9 g?m^?2 N based on soil test results prior to the study and nitrogen (N) recommendations for turfgrass. Soil nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) and phosphorus (P) increased from 2008 to 2009 in marigold plots into which cottonseed meal with soapstock was incorporated, and boron (B) increased in all marigold plots regardless of treatment. In 2009, marigolds grown in plots into which cottonseed meal was incorporated were taller than plants in other treatments except the untreated control. Marigolds in plots in which cottonseed meal was topdressed, cottonseed meal with soapstock was incorporated, or urea was topdressed grew less in height than plants in plots with cottonseed meal incorporated or control plots. Shoot dry weights of marigold plants in plots topdressed with cottonseed meal with or without soapstock, urea, or control plots were lower than those of plants in other treatments. Visual ratings of marigold plants receiving a topdress of urea or no treatment were lower than visual ratings of plants in any other treatment in July, but similar in August to those of marigold plants in plots in which cottonseed meal was topdressed. Some differences within fertilizer treatments occurred between 2008 and 2009 in redbud soil concentration of NO₃-N, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfate-sulfur (SO₄-S), iron (Fe), B, and copper (Cu). Leaf P concentration differed among fertilizer treatments in 2009. Leaf and total dry weight of redbuds grown in soil incorporated with urea was greater than that of plants in any other treatment. Results indicate that cottonseed and canola meals provide N and other nutrients for growth of landscape plants. Soil incorporated cottonseed meal encouraged more growth of marigold than soil incorporated urea but less growth of redbud.     

Enzymatic treatment to enhance carotenoid content in dehydrated marigold flower meal

The effect of enzymatic treatments using a commercial enzyme (Econase-cep at pH 5.0 and 0.1% w/w concentration) at different levels of dehydrated marigold meal (5, 10, 15 and 20% dry weight), to enhance carotenoid extraction, was evaluated. The AOAC method consisting of a simultaneous extraction and saponification by using hexane-ethanol-acetonetoluene (10:6:7:7 v/v) and metanolic KOH (40% w/v) was used to evaluate the carotenoid content. The measurement of carotenoids was also carried out in samples in which the water soluble compounds were previously eliminated (AOAC-H₂O). Total carotenoids ranged from 11.4 to 17. 4 g/kg and 18 to 24.7 g/kg of control and treated marigold meal, respectively. Highest amount of carotenoids were noted when 5% level of treated meal was used.