亚热带常绿阔叶林11个树种的细根形态及碳氮含量研究

【目的】研究江西大岗山常绿阔叶次生林中11个树种的细根形态、组织化学元素含量与根序之间的关系。【方法】以大岗山次生林内6个受外生菌根侵染的树种(刨花润楠、小叶青冈、拟赤杨、丝栗栲、檵木和梓木)和5个受内生菌根侵染的树种(山乌桕、深山含笑、杉木、木荷和油桐)为研究对象,采用根序分级法对根系进行分级后,测量并比较各树种前5级根之间根长、比根长及C、N含量的差异。【结果】在细根形态方面,11个树种的根长均表现出随序级升高而增大的趋势,而比根长的表现则相反;在细根C、N含量方面,除3个树种(山乌桕、檵木和梓木)5级根C含量小于4级根、1个树种(油桐)2级根C含量小于1级根外,其余7个树种根组织的C含量均表现为随序级升高而增加;11个树种中除山乌桕外,其余10个树种根组织的N含量均表现为随序级升高而降低;在C/N上,有9个树种的C/N随序级升高而增加,其余2个树种(山乌桕和梓木)4级根的C/N略高于5级根。在不同树种间,同一序级的细根在细根形态和C、N含量上差异明显。6个受外生菌根侵染树种的根长和C、N含量均较5个内生菌根侵染树种大,而比根长以外生菌根侵染树种相对较小。【结论】11个树种前5级根根长、比根长、C含量、N含量和C/N随着序级增加而表现出相似的变化规律,生长在根系先端的1级根根长、C含量和C/N最小,比根长和N含量最大,随着序级的增加,根长、C含量和C/N增加,而比根长和N含量降低。受外生菌根侵染的树种,其根长、C含量和N含量均大于受内生菌根侵染的树种。11个树种之间细根形态和C、N含量存在明显差异,表明不同树种对地下环境的适应策略及对土壤养分的利用效率存在差异。     

室内模拟条件下玉米秸秆的分解特征及物质组成变化

以玉米秸秆为材料,研究了在室内模拟的条件下不同处理的玉米秸秆的腐解率、粗纤维以及全钾含量的变化。结果表明,随着腐解时间的延长,各处理的腐解率不断增大,在其他条件一致的前提下,添加微生物的处理平均腐解率 大于未添加微生物的处理,秸秆长度为1 cm的处理平均腐解率大于秸秆长度为3 cm的处理;粗纤维含量的变化总体趋势是下降,其他条件一致的前提下,秸秆长度为1 cm的处理粗纤维含量小于秸秆长度为3 cm的处理,在添加物微生物的处理中秸秆长度为1 cm且C/N=25的处理粗纤维平均含量最小,其含量为31.57%;其他条件一致的前提下,秸秆长度为1 cm的处理全钾含量大于秸秆长度为3 cm的处理。     

氮肥配施下不同C/N作物残渣还田对红壤温室气体排放的影响

氮肥配施能够促进还田秸秆的分解,为了解其对不同C/N秸秆还田下温室气体排放的影响,采用培养实验方法,研究了油菜饼(C/N为4)、玉米秸秆(C/N为28)、水稻秸秆(C/N为41)和小麦秸秆(C/N为71)等4种不同C/N植物残渣在不同量氮肥(无氮、低氮和高氮)配施下对红壤温室气体(CO2、CH4和N2O)排放的影响。结果显示,氮肥配施增加了不同植物残渣的CO2-C累积排放量,且仅在高C/N的小麦秸秆处理中发现存在显著性差异,在低氮和高氮下CO2-C累积排放量分别达到1 271.44、1 212.83 mg·kg-1,显著高于无氮肥配施的883.40 mg·kg-1。土壤N2O累积排放量最大的为油菜饼处理组,低氮量的配施进一步增强了N2O的产生,其累积排放量达到5 550.42μg·kg-1,显著高于无氮肥配施的4 430.44μg·kg-1,然而当氮肥施用量进一步增加时却抑制了N2O的排放(3752.84μg·kg-1)。氮肥配施并未显著影响玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆处理组的N2O累积排放量。在培养期内,每一个处理均表现为CH4的吸收现象,氮肥施用能够增加土壤对CH4的累积吸收量,但差异显著性仅在对照和油菜饼处理中发现。     

基于B/S模式的科研院所科研项目信息管理系统

本文主要介绍了一套针对于科研院科研项目管理的B/S模式的科研项目管理系统的设计思路与构成,系统主要包括项目申请、立项、实施、检查、验收等环节的全过程管理与项目资金使用的实时管理,它的建立将有效地提升科研院所日常科研工作的管理效率与信息化水平。     

双向选择对团头鲂生化遗传变异的影响↑（*）

本文报导双向选择对团头鲂生化遗传变异的影响。试验材料鱼包括来自淤泥湖的原种，１９８６－１９９４年群体选育的第四代（“选育 Ｆ４”），以及１９９１、１９９４年连续兄妹杂交的第二代（“近交Ｆ２”）。计检测了８种同工酶，１９个位点。三群体的多态座位比例一致（５．２６％），但平均杂合度趋异。“选育Ｆ４”平均杂合度最高（０．０２１３），“近交Ｆ２”最低（０．０１７４）。经４代选育，平均杂合度增加４％，而经２代近交，平均杂合度降低１５％。     

Detection of antigenic proteins expressed by lymphocystis virus as vaccine candidates in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel)

Although the major capsid proteins (MCPs) of lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) have been characterized, little is known about the host-derived immune response to MCPs and other LCDV antigenic proteins. To identify antigenic proteins of LCDV that could be used as vaccine candidates in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, we analysed the viral proteins responsible for its virulence by applying immuno-proteomics. LCDV proteins were separated by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis, transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membrane, and probed with homogeneous P. olivaceus antisera elicited by LCDV natural infection and vaccination with formalin-killed LCDV. Four immune-reactive proteins were obtained at 68-, 51-, 41- and 21 kDa using antisera collected from natural infection while two proteins at 51- and 21 kDa exhibited response to antisera from vaccinated fish, indicating that the latter two proteins have vaccine potential. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nanoelectrospray MS/MS, the 51 and 21 kDa proteins were identified as MCP and an unknown protein, respectively.     

Effects of modulatory agents on neurally-mediated responses of trout intestinal smooth musclein vitro

Mediators and mechanisms responsible for the inhibitory modulation of trout intestinal smooth muscle were examined using a series of putative mediators and substances known to modulate neurotransmission in mammalian systems. Frequency response relationships to transmural stimulation and concentration response relationships to 5-hydroxytryptamine, carbachol, and substance P were established on paired segments of rainbow trout intestinein vitro in the presence and absence of putative modulatory agents. Modulation of neurally-mediated contractions of trout intestine was achieved with dibutyryl cyclic AMP and forskolin, agents that increase intracellular levels of cyclic AMP. The effect appears to be at the level of the smooth muscle, since the adenylate cyclase activator, forskolin, inhibited muscarinic and serotoninergic contractions as well as transmurally stimulated contractions. Substance P-induced contractions were unaffected by forskolin. The endogenous agonists/neurotransmitters which would increase cyclic AMP levels in rainbow trout intestinal smooth muscle are as yet unknown. The effects do not appear to be modulated by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), or agents that activate -adrenoceptors. Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and ₂-adrenergenic agonists are possible agents which will decrease contractility of the smooth muscle. They were only active in the proximal intestine and on transmurally stimulated contractions. The effects of both PGE₂ and ₂-agonists appear to be prejunctional, decreasing release of contractile neurotransmitters in the enteric nervous system.     

Effects of steroid hormones on immunoglobulin M (IgM) in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

The immunosuppressive effects of steroid hormones were evaluated as the response against implanted steroid hormones, cortisol (F), testosterone (T), estradiol-17 (E2), and 11- ketotestosterone (11-KT), in juvenile rainbow trout. In long term experiments (5 weeks), fish were given a single intraperitoneal implant of F or T. A clear suppressive effect of plasma IgM levels with F and T was not necessarily obtained, although mucus IgM levels were reduced corresponding to the elevated plasma steroid hormone levels. In short term experiments (1 week), intraperitoneal implantation of T, 11-KT and E2 suppressed plasma and mucus IgM levels, although the effects were not dose-dependent. When administered through diet, F and T caused a suppression of plasma IgM levels; F administration at both high and low dosages caused a significant decrease in plasma IgM levels, while only a high dose of T caused the suppression. These results suggest that sex steroid hormones, as well as F, have immunosuppressive functions in rainbow trout.     

Immunohistochemical study on changes in gill Na+/K+-ATPase α-subunit during smoltification in the wild masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou

Changes in immunoreactivity of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase -subunit in gill sections of wild masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) during the parr-smolt transformation (smoltification) were compared with changes in gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase specific activity. Gill Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase specific activity increased from April and peaked in May. Immunohistochemical analysis, using an antiserum against a synthetic oligopeptide based on the conserved region of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase -subunit, revealed that immunoreactivity was confined to chloride cells in the surface layer of primary lamellae and the proximal end of secondary lamellae. The size and number of these cells increased gradually from February to May; however, the number of chloride cells of the secondary lamellae decreased in May. These data suggest that the synthesis of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and the proliferation of chloride cells occur prior to the elevation of enzyme activity. Moreover, it is likely the proliferation and hypertrophy of chloride cells on primary lamellae prepare smolts for entry into seawater and migration in the ocean.     

Binding characteristics and regulation of the 17,20β,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20β-S) receptor on testicular and sperm plasma membranes of spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus)

The binding characteristics of 17,20,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) to plasma membranes prepared from the testes and sperm of spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) were investigated using a filtration method to retain the bound 20-S. A single class of high affinity (K_d = 17.9 nM), low capacity (B_max = 0.072 nM g^-1 testes) binding sites was identified by saturation and Scatchard analyses on testicular membranes of spermiating spotted seatrout. A corresponding receptor (K_d = 22.17 nM, B_max = 0.00261 nM ml^-1 milt) was also detected in spermatozoan membrane preparations. The rates of 20-S association and dissociation were rapid, both had T_halfs of less than 1 min. Competition studies indicated that the receptor was highly specific for 20-S. 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, which had the highest affinity of the other steroids tested, had a relative binding affinity (RBA) of 14.3%. Progesterone, 11-deoxycortisol and testosterone competed with an order of magnitude less affinity (RBA's of 7.4, 1.8 and 1.1%, respectively). Estradiol displayed low affinity for the receptor (RBA = 0.4%) and cortisol did not cause any displacement at 1000-fold excess concentration. Specific 20-S receptor binding was detected in plasma membranes from testes of both spermiating and non-spermiating seatrout and on spermatozoa. Prolonged incubation of testicular fragments from a spermiating fish with gonadotropin (15 IU ml^-1 human chorionic gonadotropin) or forskolin (10 µM) caused a 2–3 fold increase in membrane receptor binding. Previous studies have shown that gonadotropin-induced upregulation of the 20-S plasma membrane receptor in seatrout ovaries is required for the oocytes to become responsive to 20-S and undergo final maturation. The existence of a 20-S membrane receptor on sperm and its upregulation in the testes by gonadotropin raises the possibility that final maturation of spermatozoa in male seatrout may be regulated by a similar mechanism.