开发适宜性视角的农业文化遗产地旅游资源评价框架——以浙江省庆元县为例

旅游资源评价是农业文化遗产旅游开发与有效保护的前提,评价结果对于遗产地资源管理与可持续利用具有重要影响。文章基于农业文化遗产旅游资源的开发适宜性视角,从资源要素价值、时间适宜性和空间适宜性3个维度,选取历史文化价值、艺术观赏价值、科学研究价值、自然环境、资源规模潜力、游客舒适度和交通可达性7个层面的15个指标,通过层次分析法和熵值法确定组合权重,运用多因子加权评价模型和GIS空间分析方法,并以浙江省庆元县香菇文化系统为例,对农业文化遗产旅游资源进行评价。结果表明:庆元县农业文化遗产旅游资源开发适宜性空间上总体呈"中间高,四周低"的格局。其中,中部地区的松原镇、五大堡乡、四山乡、贤良镇和百山祖乡的旅游资源优势突出,是开发潜力最大的地区;南部地区的安南乡、举水乡、岭头乡和龙溪乡尽管形成了一定规模的自然旅游资源,但由于交通可达性较差,降低了旅游开发适宜度;东部地区的左溪镇、官塘乡和江根乡可供开发的旅游资源较少,因而旅游开发适宜度不高。从时间分布上看,春末(4月和5月)及秋季(10月)是庆元香菇文化资源旅游开发的最佳时期。为增强南部和东部地区旅游资源开发的适宜度,建议进一步加强该区的交通基础设施建设,提高区域之间的交通通达度;同时,采取多种资源组合的开发方式,增加游客的适游时间。基于开发适宜性视角构建农业文化遗产旅游资源评价框架,可为农业文化遗产地旅游资源价值分析、旅游开发实践提供理论支撑和方法指导。     

The impacts of climate change on livestock and livestock systems in developing countries: A review of what we know and what we need to know

Despite the importance of livestock to poor people and the magnitude of the changes that are likely to befall livestock systems, the intersection of climate change and livestock in developing countries is a relatively neglected research area. Little is known about the interactions of climate and increasing climate variability with other drivers of change in livestock systems and in broader development trends. In many places in the tropics and subtropics, livestock systems are changing rapidly, and the spatial heterogeneity of household response to change may be very large. While opportunities may exist for some households to take advantage of more conducive rangeland and cropping conditions, for example, the changes projected will pose serious problems for many other households. We briefly review the literature on climate change impacts on livestock and livestock systems in developing countries, and identify some key knowledge and data gaps. We also list some of the broad researchable issues associated with how smallholders and pastoralists might respond to climate change. The agendas of research and development organisations may need adjustment if the needs of vulnerable livestock keepers in the coming decades are to be met effectively.     

重要农业文化遗产对乡村产业发展的价值研究

由农牧民创造并维护的重要农业文化遗产,对乡村产业发展具有重要价值。其一,重要农业文化遗产是乡村产业发展的基础。重要农业文化遗产蕴含有丰富的生物、技术和文化等因素,深入认识这些因素在乡村产业中的地位和价值,不仅可为乡村产业发展奠定基础,而且还可推动乡村产业的可持续性发展。其二,充分利用重要农业文化遗产是乡村产业发展的基本途径。这集中体现在传统品种和知识技术的保护利用,重要农业文化遗产与现代科学技术的结合利用,生态产品和现代社会消费群体的有效对接。其三,创新重要农业文化遗产是乡村产业可持续发展的必由之路。这些创新主要包括:创新消费对象,明确目标消费者的界定;创新服务功能,强化生态维护的价值;创新服务内容,推动乡村旅游的发展;创新服务空间,推广重要农业文化遗产的各种资源;创新服务手段,发挥重要农业文化遗产与国家政策充分结合的优势。总之,借助重要农业文化遗产的保护、利用与创新,时下的乡村产业发展可选择不同途径实现乡村生态振兴的可持续性。     

Quality Issues in the Danish Seafood Industry

Abstract

A questionnaire on quality management and measurement issues was conducted in the Danish seafood industry. The aim of the survey was to investigate to what extent the industry uses quality management systems, and which measurement methods are used. The results showed that the mandatory Own Check Systems, EU directive no. 91/439, were very well established. However, the application of more comprehensive systems was only found in 4% of the participating companies. Characteristics common to these companies were a high export rate, over 100 employees, and high turnover. The survey demonstrated that the measuring and control methods utilized by companies were mainly directed at controlling temperature, weight, sensory aspects, and microbes.     

冬小麦根系各级分枝形成及其解剖结构研究

从池栽、盆栽和大田取根,系统观察高产小麦各级分枝根形成和解剖结构.结果表明,小麦根系经由分枝,初生根可达6级,次生根可达5级.各级分枝根解剖结构的差异主要是皮层细胞层数和中柱维管束数目的不同.小麦分蘖期以后继续发生的根,如果土壤条件适宜,植株生长健壮,其根皮层可一直维持正常状态到抽穗期,抽穗后根皮层将逐渐萎缩.高     

Productivity and Costs in Shelterwood Harvesting

Harvesting costs have a significant influence on the application and potential use of the shelterwood system. These costs are strongly related to the time needed for the logging operations. In this study, which was carried out in Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] stands in northern Sweden, the effective time (E ₀) of a single-grip harvester in shelterwood cutting, thinning of shelterwoods and clearcutting was measured. Based on these data the costs of shelterwood harvestings and clearcutting were calculated and compared. It was found that (1) the time per tree in shelterwood cutting and thinning of shelterwoods was greater than in clearcutting, (2) the time per cubic metre was higher in sparse shelterwoods than in dense shelterwoods, (3) most of this increase was due to longer driving time because fewer trees were harvested, and (4) the longer time and higher logging costs in the shelterwood system (compared with the clearcutting system) were mostly related to the establishment of the shelterwood. It was concluded that the shelterwood alternative is especially competitive when it is desirable to maximize the share of saw logs at the expense of pulpwood.     

全球重要农业文化遗产-青田县稻鱼共生系统保护与可持续发展之思考

浙江青田县龙现村稻鱼共生系统作为全球重要农业文化遗产,其保护和可持续发展的问题现已引起了社会的关注。在调查研究的基础上,分析了青田县龙现村稻鱼共生系统得以长期延续的历史渊源、自然环境条件和人文社会因素等原因。同时,指出了这种稻鱼共生模式在当今市场经济条件下面临的挑战与问题,如市场问题、产业化问题、旅游业发展导致的环境问题、农业文化消失问题等。最后提出了一系列对策措施,如加强全村生态规划,建立稻鱼共生自然保护区,打造稻鱼生产品牌,适度发展农业生态旅游,建立多方参与机制等措施。