Candidate gene polymorphisms (BoIFNG, TLR4, SLC11A1) as risk factors for paratuberculosis infection in cattle

Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) imposes a significant problem to the world dairy and beef industries and today is considered a potential zoonosis. The disease is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and is characterized by progressive weight loss and profuse diarrhoea. Susceptibility to infection is suspected to have a genetic component, and moderated values for heritability of infection have been reported. Interferon gamma is an inducible cytokine with a crucial role in the innate host response to intracellular bacteria. Toll-like receptors are trans-membrane structures responsible for coordination of innate and adaptive immune responses. The solute carrier family 11 member 1 (SLC11A1, formerly NRAMP1) gene plays an important role in innate immunity, preventing bacterial growth in macrophages during the initial stages of infection. The objective of this candidate gene case–control study was to characterize the distribution of polymorphisms in three candidate genes related to the immune function; interferon gamma (BoIFNG), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and SLC11A1 genes and to test their role as potential risk factors for paratuberculosis infection in cattle. The statistical analysis demonstrated significant differences in allelic frequencies between cases and controls for BoIFNG-SNP₁2781 and SLC11A1 microsatellites, indicating a significant association between infection and variant alleles. In the analysis of genotypes, a significant association was also found between infection status and BoIFNG-SNP₁2781 and SLC11A1-275-279-281 microsatellites. However, when variables such as breed and age were included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis, a tendency toward statistical significance for the effect of polymorphisms in the odds of infection was only found for alleles SLC11A1-275 and 279.     

杨树灰斑病的防治试验

通过药剂防治、林间清除侵染源、清除侵染源结合喷药防治杨树灰斑病,观察防治效果,三种处理的平均防治效果分别为27%、60.2%和97.1%,清除侵染源后喷药防治比直接喷药防治更显著,防治效果更佳。     

以小麦生长受抑制的天数为指标的排水标准试验研究

在对以作物生长受抑制天数为指标的排水标准的试验研究基础上，分析了上海青浦农田水利试验站农田地下排水试验资料，对小麦相对产量与累积超标水位（ＳＥＷ３０或ＳＥＷ５０）关系，各生育阶段受渍敏感因子，以及抑制天数指标与相对产量关系等进行了探讨。研究表明，小麦的相对产量与生长中、后期（３～５月）的ＳＥＷ３０和ＳＥＷ５０，以及ＳＤＩ均有良好的线性关系。试验表明，作物各生长阶段敏感因子有显著不同，即使在同一生长阶段，由于受渍条件不同或抑制天数因子不同，敏感因子也有一定差异     

Susceptibility of Ostrinia furnacalis to Bacillus thuringiensis and Bt Corn Under Long-Term Laboratory Selection

The susceptibility of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) formulation and Bt corn was evaluated using insect bioassays for 6 years. Four strains of O. furnacalis were developed by laboratory selection from the laboratory strain reared on a non-agar semi-artificial diet. The RR-1 strain was exposed to a commercial formulation of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) incorporated into the artificial diet, the RR-2 strain was exposed to Bt corn (MON810)tissue incorporated into the diet, and the SS-1 and SS-2 strains were reared on the standard diet with or without non-Bt corn tissues material. Decreasing susceptibility of O. furnacalis to Bt and to Bt corn were found in each selected strain although the ED50 and larval weight fluctuated from generation to generation. The resistance of Bt-exposed strain (RR-1)to Btk increased 48-fold by generation 39; the Bt corn-exposed strain (RR-2) increased its resistance 37-fold to Btk by generation 24. No larvae of SS-1 survived when they were exposed to the leaves of Bt corn, Bt1 1 and MON810. However,2-54% of the RR-1 (generation 46) and RR-2 (generation 20) larvae survived a 3 day-exposure to the leaves of Bt1 1 and MON810. The survival of both selected strains on Bt corn silk increased by 10-69%, and the larval weights after many generations selection were increased by 15-22% compared with the unselected susceptible strain. The young larvae were much more susceptible to Bt than older larvae. The highest mortality occurred when the larvae were exposed to Bt at the neonate stage. All of the results suggested that ACB could not only develop resistance to Bt preparation but also to Bt corn. Bt had significant effects on the growth and development of Asian corn borer than on the larval mortality. In order to maintain the long-term effectiveness of Bt pesticide and Bt corn, the resistance management should pay much attention to the larvae that may have opportunities to grow and developed on non-Bt corn or alternate hosts before they attack the Bt corn plants and the survival of larvae after Bt application.     

晋中地区甘蓝蚜对杀虫剂的敏感性变化及药剂混配的增效作用

为了了解甘蓝蚜对药剂的敏感性变化及药剂混配的增效作用,采用FAO推荐的微量点滴法,测定了山西省晋中地区田间甘蓝蚜种群对药剂的敏感性、相对敏感基线,及不同类型杀虫剂混配的增效作用。结果表明:甘蓝蚜对杀虫剂的敏感性降低,对啶虫脒、高效氯氰菊酯和齐螨素抗药性为原来的11.10倍、14.34倍和16.13倍,对氰戊菊酯、辛硫磷和吡虫啉的抗药性为原来的83.33倍、101.50倍和143.38倍,对灭多威的抗药性为原来的161.75倍;混配增效试验结果表明,辛硫磷和灭多威以有效成分1∶0.5,高效氯氰菊酯和齐螨素以1∶3、1∶6和1∶9混配后都具有明显的增效作用。     

枣步曲对菊酯类杀虫剂的敏感性及百树菊酯与辛硫磷复配增效作用研究

本文采用点滴法于 1992和 1999年测定了山西晋中地区枣步曲对菊酯类杀虫剂的敏感性 ,并进行了辛硫磷与百树菊酯混配后对枣步曲增效作用研究。测定结果表明 :以LD50 值进行比较 ,1992年晋中地区枣步曲对菊酯类杀虫剂的敏感性次序为 :溴氰菊酯 >氟氰菊酯 >氯氰菊酯 >甲氰菊酯 >戊菊酯 >氰戊菊酯 ,1999年为溴氰菊酯 >高效氯氰菊酯 >百树菊酯 >氰戊菊酯 >甲氰菊酯。以 1992年所测LD50 值为敏感基线 ,枣步曲对溴氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯与甲氰菊酯的抗性指数分别为 7 4,6 6 ,2 6 8倍。对前两种药剂产生了低水平抗性 ,而对甲氰菊酯已产生了中等抗性。辛硫磷与百树菊酯以 1:1混配 ,共毒系数为 173 5 ,具有显著的增效作用     

多位点生物杀虫毒素BtA害虫敏感性的研究

多位点生物杀虫毒素BtA是通过氨基-羧基偶联剂EDC将两种生物毒素[Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)晶体原毒素和阿维菌素]进行键合反应,形成的具有多个作用位点的生物藕合产物。通过研究小菜 蛾(Plutella xylostella L.)对BtA敏感性的消减和恢复,以及不同地域小菜蛾对其敏感性的差异,来初步 评估多位点生物杀虫毒素BtA害虫敏感性变化的规律。试验结果表明:小菜蛾室内相对敏感种群对BtA 以及它的反应底物Bt伴胞晶体和阿维菌素的敏感性稳定(LC50为0．0004-0．0020mg/ml)。在三种生物杀 虫剂的选择压力之下小菜蛾敏感性下降,2代后对BtA抗性比的增长(2．29)显著地低于Bt伴胞晶体 (8．351和阿维菌素(22．5)。小菜蛾田间种群在脱离杀虫剂的选择压力后敏感性会增加,2代后对BtA的 敏感性显著地增加了4．7倍．高于对Bt伴胞晶体的1．28倍和对阿维菌素的2．00倍。福建省七个地市 小菜蛾表现出敏感性的多态性,对BtA、Bt伴胞晶体和阿维菌素的抗性比分别为1．18-6．85、1．22- 23．93和1．58-4．77。聚类分析结果在福建省以中部地区的小菜蛾具有相对较低水平的敏感性。说明多 位点生物杀虫毒素BtA有助于延缓抗性的产生、降低抗性和迅速恢复害虫敏感性的作用。     

新疆石河子奶牛隐性乳房炎源金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及药物敏感性分析

为了解石河子地区部分规模化奶牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎源金黄色葡萄球菌的生物学特性及药物敏感性,为科学防治该病的发生提供参考依据,本试验选择了石河子周边地区不同规模的11个奶牛场,通过采用LMT法检测其隐性乳房炎的感染率,并从采集到的313份隐性乳房炎奶样中分离鉴定金黄色葡萄球菌,同时采用纸片扩散法（K－B法）对分离株的药物敏感性进行了分析。结果表明,试验区奶牛隐性乳房炎的总阳性率为44．56％（869／1950）,金黄色葡萄球菌的分离率为44．71％（93／208）;药敏试验结果表明,大部分菌株对阿莫西林、红霉素、四环素表现为高度耐药,耐药率分别为92．30％（24／26）、80．77％（21／26）、80．77％（21／26）;对庆大霉素、氧氟沙星、头孢唑啉表现为敏感,敏感率分别为57．70％（15／26）、76．92％（20／26）、76．92％（20／26）;部分菌株对克林霉素中度敏感,敏感率为46．15％（12／26）。建议在选用抗生素治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎时,以流行菌株的药物敏感性为依据。     

Simulating the susceptibility of clusters to grape black rot infections depending on their phenological development

In the years 2006–2008, clusters of Vitis vinifera (cv. Riesling) were inoculated with a conidia suspension of Guignardia bidwellii, the causal agent of grape black rot, at weekly intervals from one week before until eight weeks after bloom. Berries’ susceptibility turned out to be strongly linked to the speed of the phenological development in the respective season. In view of this, a degree day-based model simulating the relative susceptibility as a function of the phenological development was established. Infections on inflorescences were already possible prior to bloom. The period of highest susceptibility for direct infection on berries lasted from fruit set to the beginning of bunch closure. Successful infections took place until the end of bunch closure. Ontogenic resistance occurred clearly before veraison. Consequently, control measures should focus on the period between directly prior to bloom and bunch closure. Thus, the time span of black rot control coincides with the period in which vineyards need to be protected against the two major grape pathogens, Erysiphe necator and Plasmopara viticola. Applications of fungicides aimed at powdery and downy mildew control, also effective against G. bidwellii (e.g. strobilurins, triazoles and dithiocarbamates), offer a simultaneous control strategy for these three fungal diseases.     

大豆子叶节对卡那霉素的敏感性研究

[目的]研究大豆子叶节对卡那霉素的敏感性,以期为大豆的遗传转化和抗性筛选提供试验依据。[方法]选用3个不同基因型大豆为试验材料,以黄化率和分化率为指标,研究了不同浓度的卡那霉素对大豆子叶节分化和丛生芽生根的影响。[结果]不同基因型大豆对卡那霉素的敏感性不同,子叶节分化的卡那霉素临界筛选浓度为:垦农18为40 mg/L、绥农14和垦农4为60 mg/L;丛生芽生根的卡那霉素临界筛选浓度为:垦农18为15 mg/L、绥农14和垦农4为20 mg/L。[结论]该研究结果为大豆的遗传转化和抗性筛选奠定了基础。