不同地理种群和不同化性亚洲玉米螟的有效积温和存活率的研究

[目的]为了研究不同地理种群和不同化性亚洲玉米螟的有效积温和存活率。[方法]采用直线最优法对采自我国北方不同地区的亚洲玉米螟一化性、二化性、三化性种群的有效积温和存活率进行了研究。[结果]一化性种群有效积温最高,二化性种群次之,三化性种群最低;除成虫外,其它虫态(卵、幼虫和蛹)的发育起点温度均为三化性的最高,二化性居中,一化性最低,成虫则刚好相反。在每一个供试温度(152、02、53、03、5℃)下一化性的存活率最高,二化性次之,三化性最低。[结论]在供试的5个温度梯度中,25℃是亚洲玉米螟发育的最适温度,不同地理种群和不同化性的亚洲玉米螟的生物学特性存在差异。     

贯流式风机风舌结构参数对Ψ-φ曲线影响的研究

本研完用全面试验的方法,将贯流式风机风舌结构参数对Ψ-φ曲线的影响进行了测定,同时,通过对内部流动场的测定和分析,找出了造成影响的原因和规律,为设计和应用贯流式风机提供依据。     

脱毒马铃薯种薯苗田间扦插成活率及产量影响因素研究

采用5因素混合水平正交试验设计L18(61×34),研究了不同品种、施肥比例、生根剂、生根荆浓度和扦插密度对脱毒马铃薯种薯苗田间扦插成活率及产量的影响.结果表明:影响成活率及产量的最大因素均为密度,其次为品种和生根剂,而肥料比例与生根剂浓度影响不大.品种为台湾红,施肥比例(N∶P∶K)为10∶5∶20,生根剂为吲哚丁酸(IBA),浓度为100mg/L,扦插密度为100株/m2的处理为最佳配置.     

氯化铵、亚硝酸钠及硫化钠水平对缢蛏存活的影响

研究氯化铵、亚硝酸钠和硫化钠水平对缢蛏(Sinonovaculaconstricta)存活的影响,共3个实验:实验1研究了氯化铵水平(0、100、158、251、398、631、1000和1585mg/L)对缢蛏存活的影响,发现随氯化铵水平的升高,缢蛏存活率呈下降趋势;在24、48、72和96h,LC50分别为515.65、163.44、104.99和85.48mg/L,安全浓度为4.93mg/L。实验2研究了亚硝酸钠水平(0、4、10、25、63、158、398和1000mg/L)对缢蛏存活的影响,发现随亚硝酸钠水平的升高,缢蛏存活率呈下降趋势;在24、48、72和96h,LC50分别为713.00、217.07、87.90和23.61mg/L,安全浓度为6.04mg/L。实验3研究了硫化钠水平(0、13、25、50、100、200、398、794、1585、3162和6310mg/L)对缢蛏存活的影响,发现随硫化钠水平的升高,缢蛏存活率呈下降趋势;在24、48、72和96h,LC50分别为3843.18、2072.71、1011.95和306.30mg/L,安全浓度为180.87mg/L。     

葡萄霜霉病原卵孢子的越冬存活及其影响因素

葡萄霜霉菌有性生殖产生的卵孢子为病害的初侵染源,用MTT活体染色法对卵孢子的越冬的动态变化规律及其存活的影响因素进行了研究,结果表明,试验确定了卵孢子形成时期及其大小和密度,自然越冬的卵孢子萌动率从越冬至萌芽前呈逐渐上升趋势,休眠率呈下降趋势,死亡率呈逐渐上升趋势。不同温度处理卵孢子,只有35℃处理可提高卵孢子的萌动率,低温可降低卵孢子的萌动率,提高休眠率和死亡率。在干燥状态下,卵孢子不能萌动,长期处于干燥状态可导致大量卵孢子死亡,KMnO4、H2O2及叶组织液可显著提高卵孢子萌动率,但KMnO4和H2O2可造成卵孢子死亡率升高。     

密度对凡纳滨对虾存活、生长和能量收支的影响

研究了密度(12.04、24.08、48.16、144.49、240.81、337.13、433.46、529.78、626.11尾/m2)对凡纳滨对虾(平均初始湿重0.026±0.006g)存活、生长和能量收支的影响。实验周期45d。结果表明:I.12.04、24.08和48.16尾/m2密度水平对虾的存活率显著高于626.11尾/m2密度水平,但与其它处理差异不显著;II.12.04和24.08尾/m2密度水平对虾的特定生长率显著高于其它处理,特定生长率(SGRd)与密度(D)的回归方程为:SGRd=-0.3911Ln(D) 10.068(R2=0.8745)。     

温度和湿度对二化螟存活率与繁殖力影响的回归模型

在室内恒温、恒湿条件下系统观察了不同温湿度对二化螟存活率与繁殖力的影响。结果表明:温度和湿度对二化螟各虫态的存活率和成虫的繁殖力有显著的影响,生长发育最适宜的温度为28℃,相对湿度为85%~90%。二化螟各虫态存活率和成虫繁殖力与温度、湿度均呈二次抛物线关系。分别建立了二化螟各虫态的存活率和成虫的繁殖力的回归预测模型。     

Can supplemental food increase winter survival of a threatened cottontail rabbit?

Populations of New England cottontails (Sylvilagus transitionalis) have declined substantially in recent decades in response to habitat loss and fragmentation. Among some remnant populations, cottontails occupy small patches of thicket habitat where they experience high mortality rates as a consequence of limited food during winter. This limitation causes rabbits to forage away from cover where they are exposed to predators. Although conservation efforts are emerging to reverse the decline of New England cottontails, most are directed toward improving long-term viability by increasing the abundance of suitable habitats. Such efforts do little to improve the short-term survival of remaining cottontails. To address this immediate need, we evaluated the use of supplemental food as an approach to improve overwinter survival rates. We speculated that by positioning feeders in close proximity to escape cover, rabbits would be less vulnerable to predators. We evaluated this approach using eastern cottontails (Sylvilagus floridanus) as a research surrogate because this species is readily available and has similar habitat requirements to New England cottontails. Transmitter-equipped eastern cottontails were randomly assigned to either a fed or unfed group. Remotely-triggered cameras were also used to gauge use of feeders by cottontails and visits by other species. Winter survival rates were substantially greater for fed rabbits (70%) than for unfed rabbits (32%). Cameras revealed that rabbits were the most frequent consumer and that there was only limited carnivore activity near feeders. We conclude that supplemental feeding may improve survival of remaining New England cottontails as efforts to increase habitat availability continue to develop.     

保水剂在节水农业中的应用

本文研究了保水剂包膜涂层对大豆、小麦、绿豆等作物种子萌发成苗及保水剂蘸根对葡萄苗、山茱萸苗移栽成活率的影响，结果表明；1%保水剂包膜涂层可促进大豆、绿豆等豆类种子出苗率，使其出苗早，苗齐苗壮，抗旱能力增强，而对小麦玉米等淀粉种子的出苗无明显作用；低浓度的保水剂蘸根可提高苗木的成活率，促进其生长，增强抗旱能力，而高浓度的保水剂蘸根则降低苗木成活率，生长下降。     

Expectations for population growth at new breeding locations for the vulnerable New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri) using a simulation model

Management plans for threatened or recovering large vertebrate species that are increasing in population size and range focus on the establishment of viable populations within set temporal limits. New Zealand (Hookers) sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri) were declared a threatened species in 1997, and New Zealand legislation requires that threatened species of marine mammals must be managed to reduce human-induced mortality and achieve a non-threatened status within 20 years. The present breeding distribution of P. hookeri is highly localised, with over 95% of total annual pup production located at Auckland Islands and almost all of the remainder at Campbell Island. Breeding elsewhere has been ephemeral or restricted to <10 adult females. The only recorded sustainable breeding at a new location has been at Otago, South Island, New Zealand. This breeding population consisted of a total of four breeding females in 2002 and is derived from one immigrant female that gave birth to her first pup in the 1993/1994 breeding season. The New Zealand Department of Conservation management plan specifies that to achieve a non-threatened status P. hookeri (1) at Otago must increase in the number of breeding females to ?10, and (2) must establish ?two new breeding locations within the 20-year time frame, each with ?10 breeding females. This study 1) projects the population growth trends at a new location (Otago) to see if it will achieve ?10 breeding females within the legislated time frame, and (2) examines the likelihood that other breeding locations will establish elsewhere given the demographic information available for this species. We present 20 deterministic and three stochastic Leslie matrix model scenarios for female population growth for the initial years following the start of breeding at a new location. Our results indicate that (1) a new breeding population derived from one immigrant female is unlikely to reach 10 breeding females in 20 years; this duration is more likely to be 23-41 years (deterministic models) or 23-26 years (stochastic model), (2) the likelihood of two new sites establishing within 20 years is unquantifiable, but the probability is low, and (3) if the legislated outcome and time limit are not revised in the population management plan, the feasibility and effectiveness of re-locating young females could be investigated.