辽沈Ⅲ型温室青椒生长情况的时空差异性分析

研究了不同水分处理下,辽沈Ⅲ型日光温室内青椒在时间和空间上的生长差异性。研究结果表明,日光温室内中部青椒的长势（株高、茎粗）明显优于前部和后部;并且青椒株高或茎粗沿温室跨度方向均呈抛物线变化。     

自控温室气象条件对甜椒产量的影响

根据上海东海蔬菜示范基地1996～1997年2茬甜椒产量资料及同期温室内的气象资料,运用数理统计方法分析气象条件对甜椒产量的影响,初步得出温室中甜椒生长关键期的适宜气象指标为播种约30d日最低温度为1.5～15.0℃,日最高温度25.0～25.5℃,CO2浓度400～450mg／kg;播种后加热管温度50℃;而播种后10d左右相对湿度维持在75％,80d左右光照强度为6～6.5万lx。     

自控温室番茄生产的光合数值模拟

使用CIRAS-1便携式光合仪测定了荷兰大型玻璃自控温室内番茄光合能力对环境条件的响应,由实测值和参考文献确定了有关参数,运用非直角双曲线叶面积积分模型模拟温室不同气象条件下番茄净光合量的增减,探讨了提高光合产量的调控措施。     

施肥与大气环境质量——论施肥对环境的影响(1)

无机肥和有机肥都是人类可持续发展不可或缺的资源,只要科学使用不会对环境和生态造成负面影响。不良施肥对大气环境的威胁主要来自有机肥,过量使用有机肥可促进土壤中CO2和CH4的排放;有机肥和畜禽粪肥堆放场地有大量氨气污染,有机物的焚烧可直接向大气排放大量的CO2、CH4及固体微粒,使城乡空气严重污染。有机肥和无机N肥的过量使用,都会导致土壤N素积累。土壤中N素的反硝化作用产生N2O, NOx 的排放。避免有机肥和N肥过量,禁止焚烧有机物,覆盖有机肥和畜禽粪肥堆放场,控制反硝化作用,以减少负面效应,保护大气环境质量。     

Faster anaerobic decomposition of a brittle straw rice mutant: Implications for residue management

Rice (Oryza sativa) in Asia is typically grown on submerged soils in intensive cropping systems with only a brief interval between harvest of one crop and planting of the next. Incorporation of crop residues can be challenging because the fallow period between crops is often too short to allow sufficient decomposition. During early stages of anaerobic residue decomposition in flooded soils, plant growth may be inhibited by nutrient immobilization or by the production of potentially toxic organic acids. Straw from a brittle stem mutant of rice (Oryza sativa L. var. IR68) was tested in a 30-d incubation experiment under continuously flooded conditions in a greenhouse to determine if it would decompose more rapidly than the non-brittle phenotype, thereby allowing shorter fallow time between crops. Brittle straw decomposed faster, as indicated by 51% total C loss as CO₂ or CH₄ within 3 weeks of incorporation, compared with 28% for non-brittle straw. However, brittle straw also produced a significantly higher (P<0.0001) amount of formic, acetic, aconitic, propionic, and butyric acids than non-brittle straw. There was no difference in soil N immobilization pattern between the two straw types, or in P or K availability in the soil, perhaps due to the short duration of the experiment. To maximize the potential advantage of faster decomposition of brittle straw in intensive rice cropping systems, it may be helpful to manage water for sufficient soil aeration to mitigate the negative organic acid and methane production effects.     

Tillage-induced environmental conditions in soil and substrate limitation determine biogenic gas production

Tillage changes soil environmental conditions and controls the distribution of residues in the soil, both actions that affect the production and emission of soil biogenic gases (CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄). The objective of this study was to determine how tillage-induced environmental conditions and substrate quality affect the mineralization rate of easily metabolizable compounds and the subsequent production of these gases. Carbon compounds, with and without nitrogen, were applied to soil cropped to maize under tilled and no-till systems. Following substrate application in the spring and summer, biogenic gases were measured periodically at the soil surface (flux) and within the profile (concentration) at 10-, 20-, and 30-cm depths (i.e., within, at the bottom of, and below the plough layer). Strong CO₂ and N₂O responses to sucrose and glycine in both the field and the laboratory indicate that the soil was C- and N-limited. Surface fluxes of CO₂ and N₂O were greater in soils amended with glycine than with sucrose and were greater in tilled than no-till soils. Transient emission of CH₄ following the addition of glycine was observed and could be attributed to inhibition of N mineralization and nitrification processes on CH₄ oxidation. Laboratory and field measurements indicated that the larger substrate-induced CO₂ emission from the tilled soils could not be attributed to differences in the total biomass or the basal respiratory activity of the soils. Thus, there appears to be no underlying difference in the functional capacity of the microbial communities under different tillage regimes. Comparison of gas profiles indicates relative accumulation of CO₂ at depth in soils under no-till, as well as greater decline in profile CO₂ content with time in the tilled compared to the no-till soil. These results support the conclusion that greater CO₂ efflux from the tilled soils resulted from more rapid gas diffusion through the profile. Hence, the observed differences in gas fluxes between tilled and no-till soils can be attributed to differences in physical environment.     

Methane emission and entrapment in flooded rice soils as affected by soil properties

Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to study the effects of soil chemical and physical properties on CH₄ emission and entrapment in 16 selected soils with a pH range of 4.7–8.1, organic matter content of 0.72–2.38%, and soil texture from silt to clay. There was no significant correlation with CH₄ emission for most of the important soil properties, including soil aerobic pH (measured before anaerobic incubation), total Kjeldahl N, cation exchange capacity, especially soil organic matter, and soil water-soluble C, which were considered to be critical controlling factors of CH₄ emission. A lower CH₄ emission was observed in some soils with a higher organic matter content. Differences in soil Fe and Mn contents and their chemical forms contributed to the this observation. A significant correlation between the CH₄ emission and the soil organic C content was observed only after stratifying soils into subgroups according to the level of CH₄ emission in soils not amended with organic matter. The results also showed that the soil redox potential (Eh), anaerobic pH, anerobic pH, and biologically reducible Fe and Mn affected CH₄ emission significantly. Urea fertilization promoted CH₄ emission in some soils and inhibited it in others. This result appeared to be related to the original soil pH. CH₄ entrapment was positively correlated with soil clay content, indicating the importance of soil physical characteristics in reducing CH₄ emissions to the atmosphere.     

日光温室气象环境综合研究 Ⅰ.墙体、覆盖物热效应研究初报

为科学地确定日光温室的合理结构,对鞍山、北京、天津等地建造使用的两类日光温室进行了墙体、前屋面覆盖物温度观测,结果表明:塑料膜日光温室夜间的主要放热面仍是前屋面,尽管前屋面薄膜上覆盖有纸被、草苫等,室内气温与覆盖物内侧温差仍十分显著地大于室内气温与墙体内侧温差。墙体系土墙者,全天为“吸热体”;系有空心夹层砖墙者,则在温室升温阶段为“吸热体”,在降温阶段为“放热体”。测量还发现,这两种墙体内均存在一个温度变化比较恒定的中间层,其机理有待进一步研究。经测定分析认为,日光温室较理想的墙体结构是:内侧由吸热、蓄热较好材料组成蓄热层,外侧由导热,放热较差材料组成保温层,中间设隔热层。     

日光温室西红柿病虫害防治对策

简析了日光温室生态系统西红柿生育特点和病虫害发生特点,并提出“改善环境、健身栽培、综合预防、合理用药”防治策略。     

东北日光温室番茄长季节栽培管理专家系统的研制

本文根据温室番茄长季节栽培技术经验，利用农业专家系统开发平台（单机版）PAID4．0，开发温室番茄长季节栽培管理专家系统。本系统包括番茄栽培管理、病虫害防治模块、248条规则。通过将专家研究成果与计算机的结合为温室番茄长季节高效栽培技术的推广提供了广阔的应用前景。