Improvement of Wheat Water Use Efficiency in Semiarid Area of China

The greatest fear of global climate change is drought since in most areas where wheat is grownwater is the most important factor influencing wheat yield. Average wheat yield throughout the world is only30 -60% of the attainable yield potential because water shortage is the major factor preventing the realizationof maximum yield. Periods of drought alternating with short periods of available water are common conditionsto influence wheat productivity. Such conditions include variable frequency of dry and wet periods, intensityof drought, rate of drought onset and patterns of soil water deficit and/or atmospheric water deficit. It is thisdeficit and variable water conditions in semiarid environments that influence wheat productivity variously.This paper reviewed the physiological adaptation and benefits associated with deficit and variable water condi-tions. In addition, it also highlights the compensative effect of limited irrigation and breeding of new varietiesfor high water use efficiency (WUE) that could improve wheat productivity under water-limited environmentsin the semiarid regions. Considerable potential for further improvement in wheat WUE and productivity insemiarid environments seems to depend on effective conservation of moisture and effici ent use of this limitedwater such as soil fertility improvement, conservation tillage, residues and film mulch, rain water harvestingfor limited irrigation, and breeding for water saving varieties. Different crop, soil and water managementstrategies should be adjusted according to the conditions that prevail in various semiarid areas. By combiningsoil and water conservation approaches and adjusting the cropping system by growing drought-tolerant and wa-ter-saving cultivars, increase in wheat WUE and productivity could be achieved.     

小麦条锈病大区流行的模型模拟

利用小麦条锈病品种-小种群体间相互关系模型即大区流行模型,PANCRIN,进行了模拟试验。模拟试验结果导致了如下推测或假想,如;1.陇南半山麦田的自生麦苗在大区流行中作用最大,但大区流行周年循环除冬麦和春麦→自生苗→冬麦这一主要路线外,可能还有一条冬麦→晚熟春麦→早播冬麦的次要路线。2.陇冬早播冬麦区在大区流行秋季菌源传播中的桥梁作用虽可肯定,但陇南 L2、L3自生苗上的菌源对关中、黄淮、江淮麦区 L7、L8、L9的作用仍然很大。3.消灭自生麦苗,必需把密度消减到历史最大密度的10%才能明显见效。4.不论新小种产生的突变率 MU 大小,全大区范围的品种布局比局布地区的,对延长广大平原麦区的品种抗病性更为有效;等等。这些结果一部分与已有经验或看法基本符合,另一部分则可为未知问题和有争议的问题的研究解决提供参考。     

麦田天敌对麦蚜控制作用的考察

 小麦蚜虫是云南省小麦的主要害虫,常年蚜害损失10%至20%,严重时可达30%以上。长期以来主要用化学杀虫剂防治,不仅方法单一使得蚜虫产生了抗药性,不得不提高药剂使用的浓度和数量,导致农业成本增加、农药污染环境和影响小麦的品质。为了探索在综合防治中充分发挥天敌因子的作用,减少农药对环境的污染,建立农田生态系统的良性循环,提高小麦的质和量,1984年至1985年对麦田天敌昆虫控制麦蚜的作用进行了观察。在相同的栽培耕作条件下,保护和利用天敌的麦田内各种天敌繁衍兴盛,共同控制着麦蚜的数量和为害,表明了在综合防治中积极保护和利用天敌的重要性。     

不同品种与耕作方式及补充灌溉等农艺技术组合对春小麦产量的影响

通过6a的试验，分别研究了在一般干旱年份（年降雨量超过360mm）和较严重干旱年份（降雨量低于360mm），小麦品种（79121-15与定西24）、耕作方式（垄作与平作）及补充灌溉等农艺技术组合对产量的影响。在一般干旱年份，79121—15的产量比定西24的高，并且它们的产量在垄作种植下比平作种植下有显著提高。在严重干旱年份，定西24的产量比79121-15高。无论在一般干旱年份还是严重干旱年份，补充灌溉能够显著提高小麦产量。通过不同品种与耕种方式，以及补充灌溉等农艺技术的组合，可以显著提高小麦产量。在一般干旱年份，组合品种、垄作和补充灌溉等技术措施，79121-15对产量的贡献率与定西24的相比较被提高了7．3％～9．9％。垄作较平作对产量的贡献率提高了9．3％～13．3％。补充灌溉对产量贡献率提高了17．7％～30．0％。但是，在严重干旱年份，组合品种、垄作和补充灌溉的情况下，补充灌溉提高小麦产量25．1％～35．5％，垄作和品种可适度提高小麦产量。     

气象因子对许昌小麦吸浆虫成灾趋势影响与预测

通过对许昌近年来小麦吸浆虫成灾与气象因子的相关分析,发现气象因素与小麦吸浆虫的发生程度及成灾关系密切。从中找出关键性成灾气象因子从而为建立许昌小麦吸浆虫发生程度的虫害预报方法提供方法和防治策略。     

西藏普通小麦地方品种特有高分子量谷蛋白亚基组合“Tibetan Dx5*+Tibetan Dy10”中Tibetan Dy10亚基基因测序与分析

 【目的】鉴定在西藏小麦地方品种中发现的特有高分子量谷蛋白亚基组合“Tibetan Dx5*+Tibetan Dy10”中的Tibetan Dy10亚基是否与普通小麦Dy10亚基为同一亚基。【方法】利用SDS-PAGE分析和Tibetan Dy10亚基基因的克隆和测序。【结果】表明Tibetan Dy10亚基与普通小麦中Dy10亚基广泛存在的Dx5+Dy10组合形式中的Dy10亚基的分子序列非常相似，但分别在2个六肽中的1个氨基酸部位发生替换，第335位的甘氨酸（G）和第451位的谷氨酰氨（Q）在Tibetan Dy10 中均被替换为精氨酸（R）。【结论】Tibetan Dy10与普通小麦中常见的Dy10亚基基因的DNA序列存在微小差异，属于Dy10位点的一个新变异。     

叶面喷肥对强筋小麦产量和品质的影响

研究了在中、高肥力壤质潮土上叶面喷施不同品种肥料对强筋小麦产量和品质的影响,结果表明:基础产量为4 500~6 500 kg/hm2的试验点上喷施0.3%磷酸二氢钾、0.2%硫酸锌、0.05%钼酸铵均有较好的增产效果;喷施2%尿素或0.3%磷酸二氢钾可提高小麦籽粒粗蛋白含量。基础产量达7 000 kg/hm2的试验点喷肥对小麦产量及粗蛋白含量无显著影响。     

Study on Plant Regeneration of Wheat Mature Embryos Under Endosperm-Supported Culture

To reveal the suitability of using mature embryos as an explant source in wheat tissue culture, mature embryos from eight common wheat cultivars （Triticum aestivum L. cv.） were cultured with or without endosperm to test their efficiency of callus induction and plant regeneration. When embryos were cultured together with endosperm （endosperm-supported culture, ES）, the percentage of callus induction was significantly lower than that when embryos were cultured in the absence of endosperm （non-endosperm-supported culture, NES）. This pattern was evident in most genotypes, regardless of whether 2 or 8 mg L^-1 2,4-D was added in the NES culture. However, in ES culture, more induced calli were differentiated into distinct green spots and they further developed into plantlets. Thus, more plants were regenerated in ES culture than in the NES treatment. Most of the eight tested genotypes showed a significant difference in callus induction rate and plantlet regeneration in both ES and NES cultures. In addition, the enzymatic activity of oxalate oxidase in the callus of ES culture condition was obviously higher than that in the callus of NES culture condition, suggesting that the activity of oxalate oxidase may be a parameter for selection of calli with potential for plantlet regeneration. These results indicate that wheat mature embryos are valuable explants for highly efficient callus induction and plant regeneration, if proper treatment and medium are used.     

干旱锻炼对小麦种子萌发期贮藏物水解的影响

种子干旱锻炼是提能物抗旱性和旱农生产的生理措施之一。自1934年金杰里等报道了有关实验以来,许多学者对这一课题进行了研究结果表明:播前干湿处理使种子萌发提前;经干旱锻炼的小麦种子在土壤干旱条件下,仍能保持较高的萌发能力;锻炼的小麦种子淀粉酶活性高于对照,可溶糖与可溶氮含量增加。但是,这些测定都局限于种子发芽之前,对于萌发期种子贮藏物水解的动态则研究很少。而且,有人认为,若计入播前吸胀时间,则锻炼的种子发芽时间与对照相比较并无变化。上述有关代     

春小麦幼苗期适宜土壤湿度及其需水量与小穗数的数学模型

本文通过正交试验,建立春小麦苗期需水量与每穗小麦小穗数的相关关系,进而可以按预定的小麦产量,推算出其适宜的灌水量,以达到提高灌水经济效益的目的。