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31.
32.
提出了新的非线性方程解法。在进行结构非线性平衡路径的全过程分析时,在仔细研究了由Crisfield和Ramm提出,并被广泛用于非线性方程求解的著名的弧长增量法的基础上,提出了一种基于牛顿-拉菲逊法的十分有效的投影增量法,该法克服了弧长增量法的一个重点缺点,即必须根据结构特性来判定如何选取关于广义荷载参数λ^i+1的一元二次方程中的二个根中的一个,而且其收敛速度要稍快,计算量也略小。并通过引进广义时 相似文献
33.
恒压供水比以往的供水方式节能环保了很多,笔者对几十个村进行调查,存在未能实现二十四小时供水和老百姓因用容器储水不当而出现水质最终被污染危险的安全问题,解决方法设备、先进技术这两部分是节能和更好利用水源的关键问题. 相似文献
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谷物介电性质及其在含水量测量中的应用 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:3
对谷物介电性质的概念,测量方法、影响因子和预测模型进行了综述、介绍了利用介电性质测量谷物含水量的方法以及近期研究动向。 相似文献
36.
To enable the estimation of production and consumption rates of free glycine in soils through 15N isotope dilution experiments, an isotope dilution mass spectrometric method was developed. The method, which enabled high precision N isotope ratio determination of glycine in soil extracts at δ15N levels up to 4000‰ and concentrations from approximately 2 μM, is based on the following steps: (i) addition of glycine spike to the soil extract, (ii) removal of humic substances and pre-concentration of glycine using solid phase extraction, (iii) derivatization of amino acids, (iv) separation of the derivatives using gas chromatography (GC), (v) their combustion to yield sample N2 gas, and (vi) finally the use of N isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Judging by uncertainty budget calculations, the precision obtained (SD=0.01-0.06 at% 15N) is sufficient for detecting differences in N isotopic ratios obtained in 15N isotope dilution experiments. 相似文献
37.
Endla Reintam Kersti Vennik Liia Kukk Siiri Kade Kadri Krebstein Mihkel Are 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2016,66(8):698-705
ABSTRACTThe main cause of loss of soil structural stability is vehicle operation on unpaved wet surfaces. Unfortunately, there is a lack of continuous soil moisture data in predicting trafficable conditions. To measure changes in soil moisture conditions in real time, Percostation (Adek) sensors were installed in sandy loam Stagnosol soil at different depths. Problems with soil trafficability can be expected at the plastic limit, and the soil is unable to support vehicle operations at the liquid limit in such soils. The maximum water-holding capacity of the soil is 32%, the field capacity is 25%, the plastic limit is 22%, and the liquid limit is 30%. With rainfall of more than 10?mm d?1, the moisture content reached the plastic limit in the upper 25?cm of soil. The average increase in the soil moisture content after more than 10?mm of rain was 1–2.5% in a time frame of 2–3 hours. After rain, the previous soil moisture level was obtained within 2 to 3 days in the vegetation period. Measurements also allowed soil water balance and evapotranspiration modelling data to predict soil moisture conditions with an accuracy of one day but failed to predict in a shorter period. 相似文献
38.
Soil physical structure causes differential accessibility of soil organic carbon (SOC) to decomposer organisms and is an important determinant of SOC storage and turnover. Techniques for physical fractionation of soil organic matter in conjunction with isotopic analyses (δ13C, δ15N) of those soil fractions have been used previously to (a) determine where organic C is stored relative to aggregate structure, (b) identify sources of SOC, (c) quantify turnover rates of SOC in specific soil fractions, and (d) evaluate organic matter quality. We used these two complementary approaches to characterize soil C storage and dynamics in the Rio Grande Plains of southern Texas where C3 trees/shrubs (δ13C=−27‰) have largely replaced C4 grasslands (δ13C=−14‰) over the past 100-200 years. Using a chronosequence approach, soils were collected from remnant grasslands (Time 0) and from woody plant stands ranging in age from 10 to 130 years. We separated soil organic matter into specific size/density fractions and determined their C and N concentrations and natural δ13C and δ15N values. Mean residence times (MRTs) of soil fractions were calculated based on changes in their δ13C with time after woody encroachment. The shortest MRTs (average=30 years) were associated with all particulate organic matter (POM) fractions not protected within aggregates. Fine POM (53-250 μm) within macro- and microaggregates was relatively more protected from decay, with an average MRT of 60 years. All silt+clay fractions had the longest MRTs (average=360 years) regardless of whether they were found inside or outside of aggregate structure. δ15N values of soil physical fractions were positively correlated with MRTs of the same fractions, suggesting that higher δ15N values reflect an increased degree of humification. Increased soil C and N pools in wooded areas were due to both the retention of older C4-derived organic matter by protection within microaggregates and association with silt+clay, and the accumulation of new C3-derived organic matter in macroaggregates and POM fractions. 相似文献
39.
基于生态学的Lotka Volterra模型 ,在土壤—作物系统中提出一个新的土壤钾素动力学方程。盆栽试验表明 ,该模型能很好地拟合花生一个生长周期内土壤缓效钾和速效钾的动态变化。吸钾量实测结果表明 ,花生不同生育期吸钾量符合Logistic模型。结合上述 2个模型 ,分别求出矿物钾最大释放速率常数Kmm、缓效钾最大释放速率常数Krm和速效钾最大供钾速率常数Kam。相关分析表明 ,Kam与花生当季吸钾量、生物学产量和荚果产量以及Krm与花生当季吸钾量有显著水平以上的对数正相关。Krm和Kam可作为评价土壤当季供钾能力的速率指标。 相似文献
40.
Paul Dijkstra Ayaka Ishizu Stephen C. Hart Egbert Schwartz Bruce A. Hungate 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2006,38(11):3257-3266
Stable isotope analysis is a powerful tool in the study of soil organic matter formation. It is often observed that more decomposed soil organic matter is 13C, and especially 15N-enriched relative to fresh litter and recent organic matter. We investigated whether this shift in isotope composition relates to the isotope composition of the microbial biomass, an important source for soil organic matter. We developed a new approach to determine the natural abundance C and N isotope composition of the microbial biomass across a broad range of soil types, vegetation, and climates. We found consistently that the soil microbial biomass was 15N-enriched relative to the total (3.2 ‰) and extractable N pools (3.7 ‰), and 13C-enriched relative to the extractable C pool (2.5 ‰). The microbial biomass was also 13C-enriched relative to total C for soils that exhibited a C3-plant signature (1.6 ‰), but 13C-depleted for soils with a C4 signature (−1.1 ‰). The latter was probably associated with an increase of annual C3 forbs in C4 grasslands after an extreme drought. These findings are in agreement with the proposed contribution of microbial products to the stabilized soil organic matter and may help explain the shift in isotope composition during soil organic matter formation. 相似文献