因子分析与聚类分析在企业信用评级中的应用

运用多元统计中的因子分析和聚类分析方法,对在沪深交易所上市的33家农业机械和建筑机械行业的生产企业进行信用评级分析.先用因子分析方法从选取的变量中找出合适的因子,计算出各个企业的因子得分,然后将这些因子作为变量,进行聚类分析,并对照标准普尔(S&P)的评级体系确定各个企业的评级级别.     

规划引导下利津县村庄分类与整治策略

科学开展村庄分类及其整治策略研究是分区分类推进乡村振兴的基础和关键。以山东省利津县为研究区,基于规划约束和村庄自身资源禀赋提出了一套先分区、后分类的顺序递进式村庄类型划分方法体系。首先,依据规划引导和特色资源禀赋将村庄划分为城镇化区、特色历史文化区和一般农村地区;然后,构建村庄空间布局适宜性评价体系,利用Ward系统聚类法对一般农村地区的村庄开展具体类型划分;最后,结合村庄演化方向和资源禀赋、区位特点、社会经济状况,针对城镇化区、特色历史文化区和一般农村地区内的村庄分类结果提出不同的演化分类和整治策略。结果表明:先分区、后分类的顺序递进式划定思路有效落实了城镇开发边界和历史文化保护专项规划对不同演化方向的村庄的空间管控要求;利用Ward系统聚类法进行类型划分,能最大程度体现类型区的区内相似性和区间差异性,分类结果更加科学合理;利津县村庄可划分为城乡融合型(107个)、特色保护型(6个)、集聚发展型(21个)、存续提升型(180个)和搬迁撤并型(198个) 5类,根据村庄类型特征分别提出了不同演化方向下村庄的整治策略和发展建议。本研究成果可为区域乡村振兴战略实施、美丽乡村建设和农村人居环境改善提供理论和方法指导。     

Origin and genetic diversity of Tunisian grapes as revealed by microsatellite markers

Ten SSR loci, previously developed for grapevine, were analyzed to evaluate the genetic variability, cultivar relatedness, and parentage in a collection of 61 autochthonous Vitis vinifera cultivars from Tunisia.The number of alleles per locus ranged from 6 to 11, while the number of genotype patterns varied between 10 and 21. The expected heterozygosity varied between 0.621 and 0.855 and the observed heterozygosity was higher than 0.9 at 4 loci (VVMD28, VVMD5, VVIP31 and VVS2) indicating that the SSRs were highly informative.Cluster analysis using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averaging (UPGMA) suggested 14 groups among studied cultivars and 53 grapevine denominations out of 61 were unequivocally distinguished, with all accessions showing at least one-specific combination of alleles.On the other hand, in order to overcome the existing confusion in Tunisian grapevine nomenclature, of the analyzed homonymous pairs of cultivars, only ‘Balta 2’ and ‘Balta 3’ have shown identical allelic profiles, consistent with their being the same genotype. Hence, nomenclature distinction is meaningless and only one denomination should be retained.Due to the high overall power of exclusion (Q) (greater than 99.99%) and to the absence of null alleles, the set of microsatellite loci used is appropriate to determine parentage in Tunisian grapevines beyond any reasonable doubt. The analysis of fingerprints indicated that the Tunisian grape vines have evolved through out crossing between five possible parents: Balta 1, Beldi Baddar, Beldi Rafraf, Beldi Local Rafraf and Khedhiri 3.     

聚类分析在分枝定界法中的应用

针对界约束二次规划的分枝定界法中出现的紧、松弛策略,结合聚类分析方法,给出了新的剖分边的选取原则,把球约束二次规划作为子问题,使得原问题整体最优值的上、下界能较快的达到.     

Multi-scale use of lands providing anthropogenic resources by American Crows in an urbanizing landscape

The conversion of forests and farmlands to human settlements has negative impacts on many native species, but also provides resources that some species are able to exploit. American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), one such exploiter, create concern due to their impact as nest predators, disease hosts, and cultural harbingers of evil. We used various measures of crow abundance and resource use to determine crows’ response to features of anthropogenic landscapes in the Puget Sound region of the United States. We examined land cover and land use composition at three spatial scales: study sites (up to 208 ha), crow home ranges within sites (18.1 ha), and local land cover (400 m²). At the study site and within-site scales crow abundance was strongly correlated with land cover providing anthropogenic resources. In particular, crows were associated with the amount of ‘maintained forest’ cover, and were more likely to use grass and shrub cover than forest or bare soil cover. Although crows did not show a generalized response to an edge variable, they exhibited greater use of patchy habitat created by human settlements than of native forests. Radio-tagged territorial adults used resources within their home ranges relatively evenly, suggesting resource selection had occurred at a larger spatial scale. The land conversion pattern of new suburban and exurban settlements creates the mix of impervious surfaces and maintained vegetation that crows use, and in our study area crow populations are expected to continue to increase. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Analysis of landscape pattern change trajectories within areas of intensive agricultural use: case study in a watershed of southern Québec, Canada

This study aimed at capturing the spatial variability of landscape patterns and their trajectories of change from 1950 to 2000 within a watershed, which is representative of areas of intensive agricultural use. After an analysis of landscape features changes for the entire watershed based on aerial photographs, hierarchical clustering analysis provided a typology of landscape patterns for the cadastral lots. Following that, the trajectory of change of each lot was characterized (nature, importance, direction, rate of change). Seven types of landscape patterns are distinguished by the relative importance of different classes of landscape features and 51 trajectories of change were identified for the lots. The analysis shows that although the majority of lots were subjected to a homogenization of their landscape patterns since 1950, this trend is not entirely uniform and that since 2000 it occurs alongside trends towards diversification of certain landscape features on some lots. Furthermore, nearly a third of the lots are not following the main trajectories of change detected. Thus, the results suggest that extrinsic forces (policies, technologies) that are directing main changes in areas of intensive agricultural use toward uniformity could be modulated by internal forces (uses and values of the population). A better understanding of theses internal forces seems crucial to manage landscapes. From a methodology standpoint, although the hierarchical clustering analyses appear useful for understanding the spatial and temporal variability of landscape patterns, particular attention must be given to validating the typology chosen to characterize them.     

基于R语言的中国柑橘主要病虫害空间分布图

运用R语言的G IS功能包生成了中国柑橘主要病虫害的空间分布图,结果发现:中国柑橘主要病虫害呈现出各种不同的空间分布规律,其形成的原因除了病虫害本身的生物学特性外,还与气候因子的空间规律有关;R语言生成的病虫害空间分布图直观明显,作图质量较佳。     

基于核K—均值聚类算法的植物叶部病害识

针对植物叶部病害图像的特点,首先对采集到的玉米病害彩色图像采用矢量中值滤波法去除噪声,然后提取玉米病叶彩色图像的纹理特征和颜色特征作为特征向量,利用Mercer核,把输入空间的样本映射到高维特征空间进行K-均值聚类以及植物病害识别.试验涉及的4种玉米病害识别正确率达82.5%,核K-均值聚类方法适合玉米叶部病害分类.     

1980年以来长江流域低山丘陵区粮食生产态势分析——以湖北省咸宁市为例

咸宁市是长江流域低山丘陵区以农业为主的中等不发达城市之一,也是湖北省“人多耕地少”矛盾比较突出的地区。根据1980—2003年间的粮食产量和播种面积等方面的统计资料,对咸宁市粮食生产的发展变化趋势以及空间布局进行了分析和评价,结果显示20世纪80年代以来咸宁市粮食生产表现出明显的阶段性,先后经历了快速增长、徘徊不前、大幅度波动和逐年递减这4个阶段。作物结构方面,水稻、玉米、红薯、小麦、大豆和蚕豌豆一直是该市主要粮食作物,但所占比重发生了明显的变化,尤其是水稻,其播面和产量所占比例虽然始终各在60%和75%以上,但两项指标基本上都呈先升后降且降幅超过升幅的趋势。空间布局方面,水稻主要分布在沿江滨湖平原以及大型河流两侧的冲积平原,并且赤壁是该市水稻播面最大、产量最高的地区;嘉鱼、通山、崇阳和咸安则是小麦、红薯以及玉米的主产区。     

多年生人工草地矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)种群空间格局与种内关联性

植物种群空间分布格局不仅反映植物的空间分布特点,还有助于研究者了解植物利用资源的现状和生存能力。本研究以矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)为研究对象,按株丛斑块面积将矮生嵩草分为小斑块级株丛(0～30 cm²)、中斑块级株丛(30～80 cm²)和大斑块级株丛(>80 cm²)3个株丛级,采用点格局分析的g函数统计方法,分析了矮生嵩草各级株丛的空间格局及关联性。结果表明：矮生嵩草种群中小斑块级株丛占比高于中斑块、大斑块级株丛占比,种群中幼苗充足,正处于稳定的增长阶段;矮生嵩草小斑块、中斑块、大斑块级株丛在小尺度范围内表现为聚集分布,随着尺度的增大,所有株丛斑块的聚集程度减弱,逐渐趋向于随机分布;小斑块与中斑块、大斑块的矮生嵩草株丛在小尺度内表现为正关联。斑块聚集分布和相互共存是矮生嵩草的一种生存策略。