山西小麦育成品种农艺性状演变趋势及关联分析

为了解山西省小麦种质资源的产量和农艺性状特征，以山西省建国以来审定品种为材料，在系统获得抽穗期、小穗数、千粒重、穗粒数、株高、穗长、穗颈长、穗下节间、沟数、分蘖、旗叶面积、旗叶长、旗叶宽等17个农艺性状表型数据基础上，进行农艺性状演变趋势及关联分析。结果表明，在育种过程中不同性状的变异程度不同，其中穗颈长的变异系数最高，小穗数的变异系数最低；随着品种选育时间变化，农艺性状也随之发生变化。株型方面，平均株高由110～120 cm降低到75～90 cm，整体株型得到明显改进，由高秆披叶变为矮杆直叶，受光状态显著改善；产量性状方面，分蘖数趋于稳定，千粒重、穗粒数和小穗数不断提高；小穗数和穗粒数与千粒重相关性未达到显著水平，穗粒数与小穗数呈显著正相关，说明在山西省小麦发展历程中小穗数和穗粒数有协同提高趋势。关联分析发现33个SSR标记与农艺性状显著关联，单个标记对表型变异的解释率为5.6%～25.3%，这些标记可为分子标记辅助育种提供理论参考。     

不同苦荞品种花和籽粒空间分布特征及差异分析

以8个苦荞品种为试验材料,研究不同苦荞品种花和籽粒在植株不同部位的分布特征及差异。结果表明,不同苦荞品种花和籽粒总数存在显著差异,其中川荞2号总花数、总籽粒数最高,分别为3 046.6和1 367.8,而川荞1号最少,分别为1 017.6和487.2,品种间总花数和总籽粒数变异系数分别为34.8%、29.0%。不同苦荞品种花和籽粒空间分布呈现相同趋势,均主要分布于分枝上,分别占整株的76.3%和74.2%以上,且均显著高于主茎,分别高68.7%~87.0%和65.2%~84.5%。生产上可通过调控分枝的有效籽粒数来提高苦荞产量。     

玉米主要株型性状与产量的全基因组关联分析

为了深入剖析玉米的株型性状和产量性状的遗传基础及其相关关系,本研究以204份玉米自交系作为关联群体,利用分布于玉米全基因组上的558 529个单核苷酸多态性标记(SNPs)对5个相关性状进行全基因组关联分析。结果表明,供试自交系各性状基本呈正态分布,且各性状间存在丰富的变异,变异系数在9.00%~50.00%之间;通过相关性分析和热图层次聚类分析株型和产量相关性状间彼此紧密关联;且由主成分分析筛选出总体方差累计贡献率达到71.667%的主成分2个;以P≤1×10^-5为显著阙值,利用Q+K模型对供试材料的5个相关性状进行全基因组关联分析,在株高、穗位高和单穗重间共检测到13个显著的SNP位点,分别分布于玉米的第3、第5、第6、第7号染色体上,而在总叶片数和穗上叶数间未检测到显著的SNP位点;在显著SNP上下游各50 kb范围共搜索到39个相关候选基因,其中有注释的基因12个,并对株高与穗位高最佳候选基因进行了预测。本研究通过对玉米株型及产量相关性状进行全基因组关联分析,为后期基因功能的验证与新功能的开发奠定了良好的基础。     

Measuring biogeochemical heterogeneity at the micro scale in soils and sediments

Steep physiochemical gradients and diffusive limitation associated with microscale features such as cracks and pores make soil and sediments remarkably heterogeneous environments, which is reflected on many environmentally important processes. If we are to understand and attempt to control the ecology of the microorganisms which inhabit these environments we must not only characterize their inhabitants, but also the complex biogeochemical landscape they live in. This includes local concentrations of electron acceptors and donors, microbial metabolites and key physical and chemical parameters such as pH and soil structure.To this end, an array of techniques for collecting data at the microscale has been developed, deployed and refined, ranging from microsensor probes to planar sensors. This review provides a general reference for and a critical comparison of microscale techniques available to the fields of soil and sediment microbial ecology. Techniques are evaluated based on their ability to provide spatially resolved data at the microscale, with focus on performance characteristics, potential for repeated measurements, degree of physical disruption they create, and accessibility.Microscale studies have given us many insights, but we outline further progress needed to make the microscale toolkit more accessible and to extend the range of analytes that can be measured simultaneously, so that we may expand our knowledge of the complex environmental microscale heterogeneity and its impact on soil and sediment ecology and functioning.     

试验干扰下土壤中微量元素空间变异性研究

[目的]为了解烟草试验站土壤中微量元素的空间变异性,进而为大田试验布局提供依据。[方法]用地统计学方法,分析彭水试验站的耕层土壤养分的空间变异特征。[结果]该站内土壤有效铁、有效铜、有效钙的含量丰富;有效锌和有效锰为中等含量水平,有效硫和有效镁含量从低至高均有分布。各中微量元素间具有显著的相关性。所有元素均可用指数模型和球状模型进行较好拟合;有效锌、有效镁和有效硫由于受结构性因素影响而呈现强空间自相关性;其余元素的空间自相关性由结构性因素和随机因素共同作用而呈现中等空间相关性。Kriging插值显示,东部及东北部较高,中部和西南部区域含量较低;有效铁、有效钙和有效硫的空间分布的规律性差。[结论]该试验站土壤中微量元素含量存在较大的空间变异性。在安排大田试验时,要充分认识这种变异性,合理布局大田试验。     

Selection of soybean elite cultivars based on phenotypic and genomic characters related to lodging tolerance

Soybean lodging can result in serious yield reduction. Detecting the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with lodging tolerance for their further application in marker‐assisted selection (MAS) has the potential to enhance soybean breeding efficiency. In this study, a genome‐wide association analysis (GWAS) was performed to identify soybean accessions that could potentially be used to produce lodging‐tolerant varieties, based on the comprehensive evaluation of lodging scores (LS) obtained for the parental cultivar “Tokachi nagaha” and its 137 derived cultivars. Results showed that genotype, environment and genotype × environment interaction significantly influenced LS. Of the 31 significant SNPs identified, 22 were consistently detected in two or more environments and 27 SNPs were located in or close to agronomically important QTL mapped by linkage analysis. Best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) of LS tend to decrease with the elite alleles contained by accessions increasing. Some excellent accessions, with lower BLUPs and D_i (stability coefficients) values and more elite alleles, were selected. This study contributed to understand the genetic mechanism of lodging, providing genetic and phenotypic information for MAS.     

Genome-wide Association Study of Teats Number Traits in Kele Pigs

Teats number is one of the most important reproductive traits,and closely related to the economic benefit in pig industry.In order to reveal the underlying genetics of left teats number,right teats number and total teats number traits,a genome-wide association study（GWAS）was performed.Samples of DNA were collected to genotyping for 22 Kele pigs using the Illumina Porcine SNP 60K Chip.The GWAS was performed using a mixed-effects model and linear regression approach.When a genome-wide threshold was determined using the Bonferroni method（P<2.06E-5),4 single nucleotide polymorphism（SNP）markers were potentially associated with left teats number,right teats number and total teat number.However,3 SNPs were significant associated and 18 SNPs were potentially associated in chromosomes level.304 Ensembl genes were retrieved around 1 cM of the associated SNPs.The candidate genes in Wnt and Fgf signaling pathway（BTRC,FGF5,FGF8,BMP3,RASGEF1B and HMGB3）might have effect on target traits.These results provided valuable information about the selective breeding for Kele pigs.     

鸡Hsc70基因5′侧翼区SNP与耐热性状的相关分析

为研究Hsc70基因作为鸡抗病育种中一种分子标记的可能性,本试验利用克隆测序技术对清远麻鸡、广东温氏矮脚黄鸡、灵山鸡和隐性白羽洛克鸡4个品种共20个个体Hsc70基因的5′侧翼区进行多态性筛查,发现10处变异,包括8个SNPs和2个插入/缺失突变。通过分析,选取C.-521A〉C位点,利用PCR-RFLP方法分析了此位点在灵山鸡和隐性白羽洛克鸡群体中的基因型分布,所得分型结果与测定的耐热性状（T3、皮质酮、CD3＋、CD4＋和CD8＋）进行关联分析,结果表明：常温状态下（15℃）,在隐性白羽洛克鸡群体中,位点C.-521A〉C与CD3＋、CD4＋和CD8＋显著相关（P〈0.05）,其中AA基因型个体CD3＋值显著低于AC基因型个体,而CD4＋与CD8＋值显著高于AC基因型个体;热应激状态下（35℃）,在灵山鸡群体中,位点C.-521A〉C与CD8＋极显著相关（P〈0.01）,CC基因型个体CD8＋值极显著高于AA和AC基因型。     

培育富硒产业团体标准的探讨

介绍了富硒产业的发展趋势、标准化对产业的影响,分析了培育和发展团体标准对促进富硒产业发展的积极意义,探讨了发展富硒产业团体标准的有利条件,并提出了开展团体化标准工作的建议。     

农民用水协会在基层灌区管理中的作用及存在的问题

对近年昌吉州灌区协会发挥的作用进行了分析,并就目前存在的主要问题进行了讨论,以期促进基层灌区的管理。