From small-scale habitat loopholes to decadal cycles: a habitat-based hypothesis explaining fluctuation in pelagic fish populations off Peru

The Peru‐Humboldt Current system (HCS) supports the world's largest pelagic fisheries. Among the world's eastern boundary current systems, it is the most exposed to high climatic stress and is directly affected by El Niño and La Niña events. In this volatile ecosystem, fish have been led to develop adaptive strategies in space and time. In this paper, we attempt to understand the mechanisms underlying such strategies, focusing on the El Niño 1997–98 in Peru from which an extensive set of hydrographic, capture and acoustic survey data are available. An integrated analysis of the data is crucial, as each has substantial shortcomings individually; for example, both catch data and acoustic surveys may easily lead to wrong conclusions. Existing hypotheses on anchovy and sardine alternations lead us to a ‘habitat‐based’ synthetic hypothesis. Using our data, an integrated approach evaluated how fish responded to habitat variation, and determined the consequences in terms of fish‐population variability. Various factors occurring at a range of different spatio‐temporal scales were considered: interdecadal regime (warm ‘El Viejo’/cool ‘La Vieja’ decadal scale); strength and the duration of the El Niño Southern Oscillation event (interannual scale); population condition before the event (interannual scale); fishing pressure and other predation (annual scale); changes in reproductive behaviour (intra‐annual scale); presence of local upwelling (local scale). During El Niño 1997–98, anchovy was able to exploit a small‐scale temporal and spatial ‘loophole’ inside the general unfavourable conditions. Moreover, sardine did not do better than anchovy during this El Niño and was not able to take advantage of the ‘loophole’ opened by this short‐term event. Our results question the traditional view that El Niño is bad for anchovy and good for sardine.     

Effects of temperature and lipid droplet adherence on mortality of hatchery-reared southern hake Merluccius australis larvae

Effects of exogenous (water temperature) and endogenous (lipid droplet adherence) factors were experimentally tested on early survival of southern hake Merluccius australis reared under controlled conditions. Experiments to determine the effect of temperature (10, 12 and 14 °C) on larval growth rates and yolk-sac absorption rates of unfed southern hake were carried out under laboratory conditions. There was no significant differences in growth rates at the temperature range tested (ANCOVA, F = 0.164, p > 0.25), but yolk-sac absorption rates and mortality increased with temperature (ANCOVA, F = 53.84, p < 0.001). A high percentage (between 31 and 81%) of hake eggs showed a lipid droplet not adhered (i.e., freely moving in the yolk, and not located in the posteriormost portion of the yolk-sac). In a second experiment, fed southern hake larvae with the lipid droplet not adhered during embryonic development did not survive after yolk-sac absorption. This study provides the first data on the influence of the lipid droplet absorption on larval survival of cultured hake, and can be used as an early indication of the quality of the batch.     

宁夏规模养殖场（园区）兽药使用管理现状调研及规范化管理探讨

为了有的放矢地推进兽药使用管理和确保兽用使用安全,对宁夏省规模养殖场（园区）兽药使用管理的技术力量、兽药贮存条件、兽药来源及贮存方式、兽药使用及休药期执行情况等进行了调查分析,表明规范兽药使用管理已具备有利条件,同时探讨了规范兽药使用管理的主要内容和重点措施。     

南方馒头加工中的辅料配比优化研究

为给改进实验室馒头制作和评价方法提供参考依据,以3种弱筋面粉(市售美玫牌面粉;磨自弱筋小麦品种宁麦9号和生选6号的面粉)为基础粉,采用响应面法中心组合试验设计,研究了酵母、糖、起酥油和泡打粉含量对南方馒头加工品质的影响,并建立了南方馒头感官得分与因素变量的二次回归模型方程,该模型回归显著。响应面分析结果表明,南方馒头加工中的最佳辅料配比条件为:酵母含量1.0%、糖含量15.0%、起酥油含量1.8%、泡打粉含量1.0%。在此配比条件下,3种弱筋粉制作南方馒头的感官得分预测值分别为86.5、88.3和84.5分,验证值分别为86.1、87.8和83.7分,与预测值的相对误差分别只有0.46%、0.57%和0.95%。     

基于SPEI的宁夏沿黄城市带干旱特征及驱动性分析

宁夏沿黄城市带气候变化敏感,生态环境脆弱,探究区域干旱驱动机制,对进一步研究黄河流域高质量发展,优化区域农业水资源管理具有重要意义。利用研究区1995—2015年的气象资料,采用彭曼蒙特斯模型(P-M模型)和标准降雨蒸散指数(SPEI)获得区域潜在蒸散发量和干旱指数,通过Mann-Kendall突变检测法、滑动t检验和Pettitt突变检验,分析了研究区干旱时间变化周期,利用冗余分析法定量分析宁夏沿黄城市带干旱驱动因素。结果表明:(1)研究区在季节尺度上,单季旱发生频繁,以春季和秋季发生为主,自北向南整体呈现由高到底的趋势,且主要发生在北部地区,整体以0.013/10 a速率呈湿润化趋势;(2)在年尺度上干旱的下降趋势具有全域性,自北向南呈现由高到底的趋势;(3)宁夏沿黄城市带SPEI-12值在研究时段呈现逐年下降的趋势,通过3种突变检测函数,确定2008年出现异常值,这与降水分布一致;(4)各环境因子对SPEI指数的解释率均在75%以上,降水量、温度、地表净辐射是驱动SPEI值主要环境因子。其中,降水量对SPEI的贡献率最高,呈显著正相关关系。     

基于GIS的宁夏土壤侵蚀敏感性与景观生态风险评价

为了探究宁夏土壤侵蚀的空间差异,识别土壤侵蚀敏感性区域,利用气象、植被、DEM、土壤、土地利用等数据,结合GIS技术和Fragstats 4.2软件,构建土壤侵蚀敏感性和景观生态风险的综合评价模型,对研究区进行了土壤侵蚀和景观的综合生态风险评价与分析。结果表明:(1)在综合风险评价中,宁夏由低到高5个风险等级的面积占比依次为34.97%,33.56%,15.03%,11.57%,4.88%。(2)从县域尺度上看,高风险区集中分布在西吉、彭阳、隆德部分地区; 较高风险区分布在南部山区及盐池最南部; 中等风险区主要分布在海原、同心等地,较低等级以下风险区在各县(区)均有分布。(3)宁夏耕地、草地面积占比最大,共计占比达69.7%,在不同土地利用类型中,各风险等级占比不同。由此可知,宁夏土壤侵蚀敏感性空间分布差异显著,低、较低风险等级区域分布范围广泛。     

腾格里沙漠南缘风积物粒度空间分布及物源指示

为探讨腾格里沙漠南缘风积物物源,基于粒度参数分析其空间分布,采用粒度端元分析并与潜在源区对比,结合常量元素法进行了多角度探究。结果表明:黄河北岸沉积物粒度较南岸粗,两岸沉积物粒度存在较明显的空间差异性。粒度空间分布差异结合风沙活动、地形特征,可表明腾格里沙漠南缘的黄河北岸为南岸沉积物的上风向源区之一; 就地球化学元素分析表明,沙漠南缘与祁连山区常量元素特征具有一定相似性,与沙漠腹地差异较大。提取4个端元,多角度分析表明端元1(峰值粒径范围是30～50 μm)为全由祁连山北麓风成沙所组成的沉积体,端元2(100～120 μm)主要由沿黄北岸风成沙和黄河二次搬运所组成。端元3(170～250 μm和15～25 μm)为沿黄以北就地起沙,端元4(300～600 μm和10～20 μm)由黄河搬运沉积物所组成。综上,可认为腾格里沙漠南部边缘区沙物质主要是由黄河、沿黄以北和祁连山北麓所提供。     

甘肃陇南越夏区小麦抗条锈病育种研究进展

甘肃陇南是中国小麦条锈菌最大、最重要的越夏区,条锈病是发生于该区域小麦生产上最主要的病害,持续不断的培育和种植抗病品种是防治该病最绿色、经济的措施。为了持续控制该区域的条锈病、保障粮食安全,总结了自1995年以来甘肃陇南小麦抗条锈病育种成效,分析了存在的问题,提出了强化优异抗条锈病种质资源材料的评价、挖掘、创新与利用;强化生物育种技术的应用;强化抗病品种(基因)布局等建议。