苜蓿根瘤菌cfp荧光标记株的构建及筛选方法

荧光标记根瘤菌在研究根瘤菌侵染宿主形成结瘤时具有良好的示踪效果。本研究以辅助菌株Escherichia coli pRK2073,受体菌苜蓿中华根瘤菌Sinorhizobium meliloti 12531和苜蓿根瘤菌Rhizobium meliloti GN5,及cfp青色荧光基因供体菌E.coli pMP45179为供试菌株,以三亲本杂交法进行结合转导,并以无氮培养基和TY培养基对标记菌株进行荧光表达及固氮特性的遗传稳定性检测,再对初选菌株以甘农5号紫花苜蓿为宿主进行回接验证,测定了回接植株的生物量,结瘤数和标记菌的占瘤率等指标。结果表明,1)三亲本杂交转导法适用于苜蓿根瘤菌cfp标记菌株的构建,获得大量S.meliloti 12531和R.meliloti GN5的荧光标记株;2)经逐层筛选获得的荧光标记菌中,S.meliloti 12531-cfp6和R.meliloti GNf-cfp5遗传稳定性好,荧光表达量高,结瘤促生能力强;3)与现有抗生素平板分离筛选相比,无氮培养基结合耐药平板筛选能显著提高荧光标记根瘤菌株的甄别筛选效率;4)三亲本杂交法获得的苜蓿根瘤菌荧光标记株个体间差异较大,对标记株固氮及荧光表达能力遗传稳定性的验证和对宿主植物的结瘤促生能力的检测是cfp荧光标记根瘤菌筛选的必要手段。     

Energy content decrease and viable-not-culturable status induced by oxygen limitation coupled to the presence of nitrogen oxides in Rhizobium "hedysari"

 Rhizobium "hedysari" HCNT1 and Sinorhizobium meliloti 41 were investigated and compared for their ability to shift from a typical aerobic, growth-supporting metabolism to O₂–limiting, low-energy-expending, basal activities. Such metabolic conversion leads bacteria to stop reproduction although allows them to survive. Once anaerobic, both rhizobia started to consume their internal energy budget and most of the cells remained metabolically active for a long time, as revealed by microscope-based analyses. However, although R. "hedysari" HCNT1 also maintained the same number of culturable cells, S. meliloti 41 started to reduce this number almost immediately when anaerobic incubation took place. In the presence of NO₂ ^– the ability of R. "hedysari" HCNT1 to restore normal growth reduced drastically. A mutant strain, previously obtained by inactivation of the gene encoding nitrite reductase (nirK), did not burn up internal adenosine triphosphate when exposed to the same O₂–limiting conditions in the presence of NO₂ ^–. This finding indicated that NO₂ ^–-reduction activity in the wild type strain, HCNT1, results in a decrease in cell energy content and culturability. Therefore, R. "hedysari" HCNT1 and S. meliloti 41 follow different paths to reduce the internal energy pool towards the so-called viable-not-culturable state that can be reached within a relatively large interval of internal energy charge, depending upon the bacterial strain. Received: 25 May 1999     

Biocontrol strain Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 and its genetically modified derivative with enhanced biocontrol capability exert comparable effects on the structure of a Sinorhizobium meliloti population in gnotobiotic systems

The impact of biocontrol strain Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 and of its genetically modified, antibiotic-overproducing derivative CHA0/pME3424 on a reconstructed population of the plant-beneficial Sinorhizobium meliloti bacteria was assessed in gnotobiotic systems. In sterile soil, the final density of the reconstructed S. meliloti population decreased by more than one order of magnitude in the presence of either of the Pseudomonas strains when compared to a control without addition of P. fluorescens. Moreover, there was a change in the proportion of each individual S. meliloti strain within the population. Plant tests also revealed changes in the nodulating S. meliloti population in the presence of strains CHA0 or CHA0/pME3424. In both treatments one S. meliloti strain, f43, was significantly reduced in its root nodule occupancy. Analysis of alfalfa yields showed a slight but statistically significant increase in shoot dry weight when strain CHA0 was added to the reconstructed S. meliloti population whereas no such effect was observed with CHA0/pME3424.     

Residual Effects of Rhizobium and Preplant N Fertilizer on Newly Established Alfalfa1

In areas where ineffective nodulation may be a problem, ‘starter’ nitrogen fertilization is often suggested as a useful management tool to sustain ineffectively nodulated seedling alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) until an effective population of Rhizobium can develop. Although ineffective nodulation has been reported from several locations around the world, there have been no studies examing this possibility. A field experiment was conducted during 1982 and 1983 on a Woodburn silt loam soil (Aquultic Argixeroll) which contained a symbiotically ineffective native population of Rhizobium meliloti Dang. This study examined the residual and interactive effects of preplant N fertilizer (0, 45, 90 kg N ha^?1) and inoculation on the N nutrition and yield of seedling alfalfa during the first year of growth. The sustaining effects of the fertilizer N were transient and resulted in decreased N₂ fixation until 35 days following harvest. It was concluded that during the establishment year, managerial emphasis should be placed on inoculation and not on N fertilization to obtain a consistent, economical source of N for herbage protein and dry matter production.     

快生型大豆根瘤菌血清学特性的研究

以自新疆、黑龙江、辽宁、吉林、湖北、天津和北京等地分离的16株快生型大豆根瘤菌为供试菌,用交叉凝集反应比较研究了它们与目前国内外已报道的9株快生型大豆根瘤菌标准血清型菌株之间的血清学关系,研究结果表明：（1）菌株J711,NJ16、NJ111和A212均属O#-1（2048）血清型。（2）菌株RT15、Two-7和93F41与供试标准血清型菌株的菌体抗原均不相同,命名为O#-9、O#-10和O#-（11）3种新的血清型。菌株6-1为自凝菌株,其血清型为O#-0。（3）交叉抗原吸收试验结果表明,菌株92X10、C333、RT10和2056同属O#-5血清型,并可进一步区分为O#-（5ab）、O#-（5bcd）、O#-（5def）和O#-（5fg）4个血清亚型。菌株HA10-1-3、HA12-1-12和2120分属O#-6血清型的O#-（6ab）、O#-（6bcd）和O#-（6de）3个血清亚型。（4）将2048等6个标准菌株重新命名为O#-1,O#-2,O#-3,O#-4,O#-7和O#-8血清型。     

GFP标记溶磷草木樨中华根瘤菌CHW10B及其定殖

[目的]为有效利用草木樨中华根瘤菌CHW10B菌株,对绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)标记的菌株在南方红豆杉根际及其根部的定殖进行研究.[方法]采用修改的反复冻融转化方法,将穿梭载体pGFP4412质粒转化进入草木樨中华根瘤菌CHW10B细胞,对该菌株进行GFP标记,筛选荧光表达强烈且稳定遗传的转化子,对转化子的细胞及菌落形态特征进行观察,并采用钼锑抗比色法对其溶磷能力进行测定.在此基础上,以GFP基因标记和抗性标记作为示踪手段,将GFP标记的CHW10B菌株接种到南方红豆杉1年生盆栽实生苗根表面,借助荧光显微镜及稀释涂布技术,对根际土壤中GFP标记菌株进行定期回收检测.[结果]成功获得CHW10B菌株荧光表达强烈且稳定遗传的GFP转化子,该转化子及野生菌株均为革兰氏阴性(G-),短杆菌,但二者在LB固体平板上的菌落形态有一定差别.野生菌株菌落呈圆形、边缘整齐,表面湿润黏稠,为乳白色;而标记菌株CHW10B-GFP2菌落表面为浅棕色,其他一致;标记菌株溶磷能力与野生菌株接近,发酵液上清液中可溶性磷含量分别为639.12和656.57 mg·L-1.GFP标记菌株在南方红豆杉根际的数量变化幅度较大,接种1天根际土壤中CHW10B转化子菌数为6.08×107cfu· g-1,随后细菌数量迅速减少,15天后标记细菌数量开始增多,25～ 40天菌体数量升高并呈平稳趋势.用荧光显微镜对接种40天后南方红豆杉的根部进行观察,发现在根系表面及其内部有大量发绿色荧光的GFP标记细胞存在.[结论]GFP基因标记的CHW10B菌株在南方红豆杉幼苗根际土壤中具有持久性定殖的能力;另外,该标记菌株能在根表面和内部定殖,具有内生性.     

苜蓿耐药根瘤菌筛选及荧光蛋白标记对根瘤菌耐药性的影响

为明确荧光蛋白标记技术对根瘤菌耐药性的影响,采集6个品种的苜蓿根瘤进行根瘤菌的分离、纯化和初步鉴定,并筛选其中对3种稀土盐抑菌剂La（NO3）3·6H2O,LaCl3和Ce（NO3）3·6H2O以及2种植物源抑菌剂苦参碱和除虫菊素具有耐受性的菌株,得到一株编号为LH3436的根瘤菌,对0.6mg/mL苦参碱具有天然耐受性。将LH3436和对照根瘤菌R.12531以及参比根瘤菌R.GN5进行荧光蛋白标记后,观察其对抑菌剂耐受性的变化。发现各初筛菌株在无氮培养基上的生长状况对非根瘤菌的筛除率最高,所有初筛菌株均为革兰氏染色阴性的快生型产酸菌,全部难以利用柠檬酸盐,而可以利用蔗糖和可溶性淀粉,但对乳糖、葡萄糖和果糖等碳源的利用存在差异性;试验初筛菌株对植物源类抑菌剂的相对耐受性好,而对稀土盐类抑菌剂的相对耐受性差,将筛选根瘤菌进行荧光蛋白标记后,其对抑菌剂的耐受性未发生改变。     

Multiple occupancy of nodules by nodulating rhizobia on field-grown soybeans with attendance of Sinorhizobium spp.

Abstract

This study analyzed the phenotypic and genotypic characters of nodulating rhizobia isolated from two soybean cultivars, Kyushu 151 and Sachiyutaka, in the same field of the Yamaguchi Prefectural Technology Center of Agriculture and Forestry in Japan. The isolates were classified into groups using phenotypic characteristics, such as growth rate, color change on Bromothymol blue-containing yeast extract-mannitol agar (YMA) plates and colony morphology on YMA plates, and by genotypic characteristics, such as polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of the 16S ribosomal RNA genes (16S rDNA) and the internal transcribed sequence (ITS) regions. In Kyushu 151, single phenotypic and genotypic groups were isolated from every nodule examined. In Sachiyutaka, plural strains belonging to distinct groups were obtained frequently from single nodules, indicating that multiple occupancy was established at high frequency. No fixed combination of the groups was found in the composition of multiple occupancy. An increase in the relative abundance of isolates belonging to Sinorhizobium fredii (Ensifer fredii) occurred concomitantly with the increase in the proportion of nodules with multiple occupancy. Nearly 60% of the isolates from Sachiyutaka belonged to S. fredii; 75% of them were obtained from nodules with multiple occupancy.     

费氏中华根瘤菌HN01pmrA所在基因簇的结构分析

经原位杂交,从费氏中华根瘤菌HN01基因组文库中钓出含有pmrA基因的阳性克隆pGXHN 300,对其进行亚克隆测序得到pm rA两翼6.8 kb的DNA序列。生物信息学分析显示,该序列包括6个完整的ORF和1个不完整ORF。pm rA所在的基因簇含有4个ORF:ORF a、ORFb、ORF c、ORFd(pm rA)。其中,ORF a与Rh izobium etli的cy sG(CAA 04958.1)在氨基酸水平一致性为79%,相似性为87%。对ORF c序列分析发现与亚硫酸及亚硝酸还原相关的保守结构域。通过融合PCR方法,将两个潜在的启动子序列分别连在gus上游,以pTR102为载体导入HN 01中。在完全培养基YMA上两个启动子均不表达,在以硝酸钠为氮源,亚硫酸钠、硫酸钠或甲硫氨酸分别为硫源的MM培养基上生长均表达出GU S活性,表明这两个潜在的启动子与硫、氮代谢相关。     

Phylogenetic Analysis of Soybean-Nodulating Rhizobia Isolated from Alkaline Soils in Vietnam

In order to analyze the phylogeny of soybean-nodulating bacteria in alkaline soils in Vietnam, indigenous soybean-nodulating bacteria were isolated from root nodules by cultivating three kinds of Rj -soybean cultivars on two alkaline soils in Vietnam. The 120 isolates were classified into two major genera of soybean-nodulating rhizobia, namely Bradyrhizobium and Sinorhizobium genera, based on a growth analysis on medium and PCR-RFLP analyses of 16S rDNA and of the 16S–23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Most of the isolates of B. japonicum were extra-slow-growing and their ITS types were similar to that of B. japonicum USDA 135. They were not isolated from the soybean cultivar CNS used as Rj₂Rj₃ genotype. Isolates of Sinorhizobium were divided into two groups, S. fredii and S. sp., based on a PCR-RFLP analysis of 16S rDNA. Furthermore, PCR-RFLP analysis of the 16S–23S rDNA ITS region enabled to separate them into five types, three ITS types associated with S. fredii and two with S. sp. Sinorhizobium was frequently isolated from the three soybean cultivars on two soils. From the isolate ratio, it was suggested that B. japonicum strains similar to B. japonicum USDA 135 and S. fredii predominated in the alkaline soils of Vietnam. Additionally, our findings indicated that the Rj -genotypes affected not only the compatibility, but also the preference for nodulation between the host soybean and rhizobia.