Rhynchosporium leaf scald disease incidence: seed source and spatial pattern

A programme of field trials for the study of the winter barley–Rhynchosporium commune pathosystem is reported. The associated seedborne disease rhynchosporium leaf scald is regarded as having an important impact on barley yields. The analysis in this study relates to the impact of the seed source (commercial or farm-saved seed) on disease incidence and to the spatial pattern of rhynchosporium leaf scald disease incidence. Disease incidence data were calculated from field data recorded as disease severity. Mean disease incidence was higher in the crops grown from farm-saved seed than in those grown from commercial seed, although great agronomic significance cannot be attached to this result. The spatial pattern of rhynchosporium leaf scald disease incidence was characterized in terms of the binary power law (BPL) and was indicative of an aggregated pattern. Programme-wide BPL results were described using a novel phytopathological application of a random coefficients model. These results have application in field sampling for rhynchosporium leaf scald disease.     

辽宁李属等苗木边材腐朽病研究初报

李属(PrunusL )树木是辽宁省的重要绿化树种之一,是城市行道树和公园中常见的树种。随着城市绿化建设的发展,对李属苗木的需求量也大大增加,但近年来辽宁省铁岭市林业科学研究所苗圃中的李属苗木上发生了由裂褶菌(SchizophyllumcommuneFr:Fr )引起的严重边材腐朽病,如5年生京桃(PrunuspersicaSieb etZucc )苗木被害率就达88%,死亡率达35%,给当地苗木生产带来了严重影响,为此立项开展了调查研究。在国外,美国曾报道裂褶菌有时造成多种林木边材腐朽,并造成受害树木溃疡,特别是造成苹果树属(MalusMill )、李属(PrunusL )、枫树属(AcerL )…     

鄂南地木耳的资源分布和生态调查研究初报

地木耳在鄂南各地均有分布,一年四季均可发生。发生地土壤类型、质地差别较大,但均在其表面含较多的石砾,酸碱度以中性到酸性为主;植被中无高大植物,通风状况良好,阳光充足,发生地潮湿但不渍水,且含丰富的有机质。     

裂褶菌对小鼠抗疲劳作用的研究

以裂褶菌子实体干粉（试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组）和裂褶菌发酵液（试验Ⅲ组）饲喂小鼠，检测裂褶菌子实体干粉和发酵液对小鼠肝糖原含量、肌糖原含量、琥珀酸脱氢酶（succinate dehydrogenase，SDH）活力、乳酸脱氢酶（lactic dehydrogenase，LDH）活力、血清尿素氮（blood urea nitrogen，BUN）含量及血乳酸（lactic acid，LD）含量的影响。结果表明，试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组小鼠的肝糖原含量、SDH活力及LDH活力极显著高于对照组（饲喂100％基础饲料）（p〈0．01）；试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组的肌糖原含量极显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）；运动后试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组小鼠的BUN增量和LD的水平极显著低于对照组（P〈0．01），说明裂褶菌具有明显解除运动疲劳的作用。     

裂褶菌研究进展

论述了裂褶菌的生物学特性、主要化学成分、食药用价值以及人工驯化栽培、深层发酵等方面的研究进展,为进一步研究开发裂褶菌提供参考。     

裂褶菌对有氧性运动疲劳恢复作用

以动物实验的方法分析裂褶菌改善人体疲劳的情况,检测裂褶菌子实体干粉和发酵液对小鼠肝糖原含量、肌糖原含量、琥珀酸脱氢酶(succinate dehydrogenase,SDH)活力、乳酸脱氢酶(1actic dehydrogenase,LDH)活力、血清尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)含量及血乳酸(1actic acid,LD)含量的影响。结果表明,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组小鼠的肝糖原含量、SDH活力及LDH活力极显著高于对照组(饲喂100%基础饲料)(P<0.01);试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组的肌糖原含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);运动后试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组小鼠的BUN增量和LD的水平极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),说明裂褶茵具有明显解除运动疲劳的作用。     

Between ‘state’ and ‘society’: Commune authorities and the environment in Vietnam's craft villages

Maintaining a liveable environment in Vietnam's polluted craft villages is a daily challenge for state authorities and residents. Neighbouring urban populations demand that the state effectively curtails and manages pollution, while local residents prioritise their livelihoods and routinely flout regulations. The commune official, tasked with the seemingly impossible task of environmental regulation, occupies a fraught position, torn between the imperatives and constraints of craft producers and state regulatory demands. This study of water pollution in northern Vietnam's craft villages finds that commune officials' conflicted role in environmental governance is a central factor in the failure of the current environmental governance regime, and reflects the internally conflicted nature of the Vietnamese state.     

蓝莓根腐病生防真菌的筛选鉴定及其生防机制分析

为筛选对蓝莓根腐病有良好防效的生防真菌资源,通过组织分离法和平板对峙法从蓝莓组织中分离筛选蓝莓根腐病病原菌——尖镰孢菌Fusarium oxysporum的拮抗真菌,对拮抗效果较好的菌株进行形态学和分子生物学鉴定,并采用平皿培养法和液相色谱-质谱联用法测定拮抗菌株代谢产物的抑菌活性及其成分,观察其重寄生现象,测定其胞外水解酶活性以及室内盆栽防效。结果显示,分离筛选到2株菌株G18和MG6对蓝莓根腐病病原菌有较好的拮抗作用,对病原菌菌丝生长的抑制率分别为60.24%和62.65%;结合形态学特征和核糖体转录间隔区（internal transcribedspacer,ITS）序列分析,最终将菌株 MG6 鉴定为球孢瓶束霉 Ascodesmis sphaerospora;菌株 G18 和MG6的发酵代谢物对蓝莓根腐病病原菌的抑制率分别为39.85%和42.86%,挥发性代谢物对其抑制率分别为21.39%和18.50%;从2株菌株发酵液中检测到了芥酸酰胺、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和α-姜黄烯等13种已知具有抑菌活性的物质;同时发现2株菌株均可以分泌β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、纤维素酶和蛋白酶等水解酶;显微观察发现2株菌株均使病原菌菌丝出现明显的溶解、裂解等现象;菌株G18和MG6对蓝莓根腐病的防效明显,分别为65.33%和61.33%;接种菌株G18和MG6后蓝莓幼苗根中过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）活性最高,较清水对照组分别显著提高了1.01倍和1.02倍,接种菌株MG6后蓝莓过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）活性最高,在根和叶中的POD活性较清水对照组分别显著提高了 1.10 倍和 1.09 倍,先接种菌株 G18 后接种病原菌的蓝莓中超氧化物歧化酶（superoxidedismutase,SOD）活性最高,在根和叶中分别达559.61 U/g和422.68 U/g;接种菌株G18和MG6后蓝莓幼苗的叶绿素含量分别为1.036 mg/g和1.038 mg/g,均高于清水对照组。表明菌株MG6和G18是具有较好应用前景的蓝莓根腐病生防资源。     

超声提取地木耳中多糖动力学及热力学分析

为优化地木耳多糖提取途径,以超声波辅助提取地木耳中的多糖,对其提取过程的动力学及相关热力学进行了研究。探讨了料液比、功率和温度对多糖提取过程的影响,并对其动力学模型进行了验证;通过Arrhenius方程计算多糖提取过程的活化能Ea及热力学参数ΔH、ΔS和ΔG。结果表明:动力学模型能够很好地描述多糖的超声波提取过程,提取过程的活化能Ea=86.59 kJ/mol,指前因子A=2.320 3 mL/(mg·min);地木耳多糖超声提取过程中的热力学参数ΔH、ΔS均大于0,表明该提取过程是一个吸热熵增加的过程;ΔG0,说明操作温度下多糖的提取过程是一个自发过程。     

地木耳对环境因子的响应研究

指出了环境因子是生命活动的重要限制因子,对生物有机体的生长发育和生理代谢具有明显的影响。对地木耳生长的环境和其分布区土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾含量进行了研究,结果表明:地木耳适宜生存于温度和湿度较高、通气性较差的微环境中,其生长需要充足的水分,但不宜水渍;地木耳对土壤质地无特殊要求,适宜在中性至酸性和有机质含量较高的土壤中生长,而对土壤全氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾的含量则无特殊要求。