水稻闭颖授粉特性的遗传及其生物学意义

在正常条件下,水稻闭颖授粉特性是一种罕见的性状。已知具有这种特性的水稻品种有兴除1号和小麦稻。遗传分析表明,闭颖授粉受一对隐性核基因控制。试验结果表明,开花期遇到低温或连续降雨时,这种特性有利于水稻受精结实。此外还可看到,闭颖授粉特性能防止异花授粉,对保持种性有重要的生物学意义。     

小麦叶片RuBP羧化酶活性对湿害逆境的响应能力及亲本效应分析

用＾１４Ｃ同位素示踪法研究了６个小麦品种叶片的ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶活性对孕穗期湿害逆境的响应能力及其产量性状表现；用完全双列杂交法测定了９个小麦亲本耐湿性的配合力。结果表明：在孕穗期湿害逆境下，不同品种间的ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶活性下降程度存在明显差异，这种差异与主茎绿色叶片数和产量性状的变化相一致，配合力分析结果表明，亲本之间一般配合力差异达极显著水平，组合间特殊配合力效应存在显著差异，说明小麦品种的耐湿性受     

Surface drainage requirement of crops: Application of a piecewise linear model for evaluating submergence tolerance

Crop tolerance to land submergence is an important criterion for designing a surface drainage system for agricultural lands. This paper collates the available data from various places in India related to the studies on the submergence tolerance of crops. The paper hypothesizes that a piecewise linear model could be used to describe crop response to land submergence. According to this hypothesis, there would be no yield decline for a few initial days of submergence. If submergence continues beyond this period then there would be linear decline in yield. The unknown parameters in the model are: optimum yield, threshold time and the slope which represents the per cent yield reduction per day of additional submergence beyond the threshold.Data in respect of wheat, pigeon peas, cowpeas, pearlmillet, maize and groundnuts indicate that the model describes the data well, although in many cases the threshold is 0.0. The yield reduction varies from 5.3 to 23.2% for each day of submergence beyond the threshold. It appears that to allow for more than 1–2 days of submergence will result in more than 10% reducation in yield of dryfoot crops. For the maize crop, the seedling stage is the most sensitive stage followed by the silking stage. The grain formation stage is the least sensitive, although even at this stage the threshold is 0.0 and yield reduction is 9.3% for each day of submergence beyond the threshold. The data for 9 test crops from Texas and Venezuela were well described by the model. It is concluded that the piecewise linear model is a useful tool for describing submergence tolerance of crops and for working out surface drainage requirements for a given level of yield reduction. Frequency analysis of the daily rainfall data from some selected locations indicates that there is every likelihood of submergence at most of the stations. It is suggested that there is an urgent need for developing wet farming techniques analogous to dry farming techniques.     

Agricultural practice changes with cultivating genetically modified herbicide-tolerant oilseed rape

To facilitate weed suppression, oilseed rape or canola (Brassica napus) has been genetically modified (GM) over the last two decades to incorporate herbicide tolerance (HT). The introduction of oilseed rape in commercial agriculture raises concerns about potential adverse agronomic and environmental effects linked to both the genetic modification and altered agricultural practice. How will this new crop modify the existing cropping practice? What are the potential agro-environmental implications of its introduction? This paper analyses and schematises recorded and conceivable agricultural practice changes with GMHT oilseed rape introduction and its likely agro-environmental effects. It develops a conceptual systematics of influencing factors, subsequent practice changes and likely agro-environmental effects. The results can be used to design the mandatory monitoring of adverse GM crop effects.     

Significance of salt transport patterns in rice varieties differing in salt tolerance

Abstract

The absorption mechanisms for Na, K, SO₄ and Cl were tested in a salt tolerant (PVR 1) and a salt sensitive (GEB 24) rice varieties. The salt tolerant variety accumulated significantly larger amounts of Na than the salt sensitive variety. Further, PVR 1 absorbed SO₄ from Na₂SO₄ in preference to that from K₂SO₄. The absorption patterns for K and Cl were similar in both the varieties. It is concluded that the capacity of plant species to accumulate greater amounts of Na is a reflection of their halophytic feature.     

生物炭表面水溶活性分子可以有效提高水稻的耐旱性

生物炭是一种可以改良土壤、增强作物产量和提升作物品质的新型农林废弃物再利用材料。本研究通过振荡方式制备生物炭浸提液,利用水培系统培养水稻幼苗,以20%PEG6000、300 mmol/L和500 mmol/L甘露醇模拟干旱胁迫,研究生物炭表面水溶活性分子对水稻幼苗抗旱性的影响。研究结果发现:生物炭浸提液可有效缓解干旱胁迫造成的水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长抑制,缓解叶绿素含量、鲜重及存活率的降低,同时可以降低体内的活性氧积累等。实时定量RT-PCR检测表明生物炭浸提液促进干旱胁迫响应标志基因的表达量。研究结果说明生物炭浸提液可以提高干旱胁迫下水稻幼苗的抗氧化能力,进一步提高水稻幼苗对干旱胁迫的耐受性。     

DROUGHT STRESS: Soil Water Availability Alters the Inter‐ and Intra‐Cultivar Competition of Three Spring Wheat Cultivars Bred in Different Eras

Competition for water generates a classic aspect of the tragedy of the commons, the ‘race for fish’, where crops must allocate more resource to acquisition of the limiting resource than is optimal for crop yield allocation. A pot experiment using a simple additive (target–neighbour) design was conducted to examine the above‐ground and below‐ground growth of three spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars when grown alone and in mixtures at three levels of water availability. The effects of competition and water availability were compared by observing patterns of growth, biomass allocation and below‐ground outcomes. Competitive interactions were investigated among cultivars ‘HST’, ‘GY602’ and ‘LC8275’, target plant of each cultivar grown without neighbouring plants are referred to herein as control plant and one target plant of each cultivar sown surrounded either by same or another cultivar as intra‐ or inter‐cultivar competition. Competitive ability was assessed as the response ratio (lnRR) between the target plant surrounded by six other plants and the target plant in isolation. Our results showed that the cultivar ‘HST’, released over a century ago, produced a higher biomass and grain yield than the more recently released cultivars ‘LC8275’ and ‘GY602’ when grown as isolated plants with sufficient water supply. However, competition for resources from neighbours led to target plant biomass and grain yield being significantly reduced relative to controls in all three cultivars, particularly in ‘HST’. When subjected to intra‐cultivar competition, the two recently released cultivars ‘LC8275’ and ‘GY602’ had higher grain yields and water use efficiency for grain than ‘HST’ in all three water regimes. The landrace ‘HST’ had better and significantly linear relationships between biomass and biomass allocation, root length and specific root length, whereas the recent and modern cultivars had much more water‐related species‐specific changes in root morphology and allocation patterns. These results suggest that crop traits that influence competitive ability, such as biomass allocation to roots and root plasticity in response to drought have changed in modern wheat cultivars because of breeding and selection.     

新牧一号苜蓿MvP5CS基因的克隆和功能分析

为研究苜蓿（Medicago sativa）耐盐分子机制，为抗逆分子育种提供依据，通过同源克隆和RT PCR技术克隆了新牧一号杂花苜蓿（M.varia Xinmu 1）的MvP5CS基因， MvP5CS全长2 148 bp，Genbank登录号为：EU371644。荧光定量PCR分析发现，在盐胁迫下MvP5CS基因表达明显上调，说明 MvP5CS与苜蓿的耐盐性相关。利用农杆菌介导的叶盘转化法，将MvP5CS基因成功转入烟草（Nicotiana tabacum），盐胁迫下转MvP5CS基因T1代烟草萌发率和根长均高于非转基因烟草。表明新牧一号苜蓿P5CS基因能够提高转基因烟草的耐盐性。     

大豆高赖氨酸基因PM8在烟草中的超量表达及其抗非生物胁迫功能研究

应用生物信息学方法在GenBank数据库查找到1条编码大豆LEA3蛋白的高赖氨酸蛋白基因PM8(登录号:Z22872),并利用RT-PCR方法从大豆干种子中克隆得到该基因,序列分析表明,PM8基因与GenBank上的序列存在5个碱基的差异,使编码蛋白的赖氨酸重量比由原来的19.65%增加为19.93%。构建了PM8基因的植物表达载体pEMT-PM8,用农杆菌介导法转化烟草。从转PM8基因的PCR阳性植株中选取5个既抗盐又抗旱的株系进行Real-timePCR检测。结果表明,PM8基因全部超量表达。研究为培育高营养品质且抗逆的转基因作物研究提供了一条新的途径,具有重要的研究价值。