Molecular analyses of genetic variability in soap nut (Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.)

Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. (Sapindaceae) is commercially an important plant much valued for its fruits commonly known as soap nut as well as for the seed oil used as a feed-stock for biodiesel production. Molecular polymorphism, determined, using three single primer amplification reaction (SPAR) methods (RAPD, DAMD and ISSR) is used to assess the genetic variability in 69 accessions of S. mukorossi Gaertn., encompassing different geographical regions in India. Cumulative band data generated using the three SPAR methods resulted in 82.49% polymorphism across all genotypes of S. mukorossi Gaertn. UPGMA tree showed two major clusters that were in accordance with the geographical diversity. The intra-population genetic diversity (0.16), Shannon information index (0.24) and polymorphic loci (45.62%) were highest in AS population, while the corresponding lowest values were recorded in HP population. The inter-population average distance ranged from 0.05 (GA and HP) to 0.26 (AP and HP). Based on these distances, the UPGMA tree for the populations was computed, which showed the presence of two major clusters. Cluster I contained all the populations from Himachal Pradesh (HP) and Uttarakhand (GA and KU) and cluster II grouped the populations from North Eastern region (AS, AP, MG). The present study showed that SPAR methods are informative and useful to unravel the diversity among different populations of the soap nut plants and is a prelude for further utilization of promising and genetically divergent materials in the breeding programmes.     

Technology of Microwave-assisted Extraction of Sapindus Peel Polysaccharide and Its Antioxidant Activity北大核心CSCD

The microwave extraction technology and in vitro antioxidant capacity of polysaccharides from Sapindus peel were studied in this work, and the primary structure of the polysaccharide was also characterized. The effects of microwave extraction temperature, extraction time and liquid-solid ratio on the yield of polysaccharides were investigated. The microwave extraction process was optimized by response surface analysis. The results showed that the optimum extraction process conditions were as follows: extraction temperature 92 ℃, extraction time 26 min, liquid-solid ratio 25:1(mL:g). The maximal yield of polysaccharides reached 3.47%. Sapindus peel polysaccharide is mainly composed of glucose, xylose, galactose, arabinose and fructose, with typical polysaccharide IR characteristics. In addition, the anti-oxidative activity of polysaccharides was evaluated by the scavenging ability on hydroxyl radicals and DPPH free radicals. Sapindus peel polysaccharides showed strong antioxidant activity in a concentration-dependent manner, and the antioxidant activity of the crude polysaccharides was significantly higher than that of purified polysaccharides. The antioxidant activity of polysaccharides has a certain correlation with the glycoprotein structure. © 2018, Editorial Board of «Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products». All right reserved.     

无患子硬枝扦插进程插穗内源激素和多酚类物质含量变化

为了解无患子硬枝扦插生根机制,以1年生无患子硬枝作为扦插材料,在扦插第0—80天调查愈伤组织发育和根系形成情况,测定插穗的腋芽(嫩叶)以及基部2cm长度的韧皮部内源激素和多酚类物质的含量。结果表明,无患子硬枝扦插第10天开始出现愈伤组织,第50天愈伤率达到最高值83.33%;第40天开始出现生根插穗,生根率为6.67%,随后不定根数量迅速增加,第70天生根率达到86.67%,此时平均有5.33条。之后生根数量不变,根系仍然在生长,且扦插后根系效果指数持续增高。插穗韧皮部内源激素含量变化较复杂。整体来看,高含量赤霉素(GA3)抑制愈伤组织和不定根形成,且在根原基发生期和不定根形成关键期达到峰值,在不定根速生期持续下降;高含量生长素(IAA)促进不定根的形成,且在扦插后第20天,即根原基发生期,达到峰值(92.7μg/g);玉米素核苷(ZR)对无患子硬枝扦插过程的生理作用较复杂,低含量的ZR有利于根原基的发生和不定根速生,但高含量的ZR促进不定根形成。韧皮部ZR/IAA在扦插后第20—40天呈下降趋势,第40—60天快速上升,促进不定根生长;GA3/IAA整体呈现抛物线形下降趋势,特别是在根原基发生期和不定根速生期,下降速率更快,以促进不定根的生长。无患子硬枝插穗生根进程中,多数多酚类物质对愈伤组织形成、根原基发生及不定根形成有极显著抑制作用,没食子酸抑制效果稍弱;插穗内多种激素和多酚类物质的含量均发生了变化,且对插穗生根产生重大影响。总之,插穗根原基发生和不定根形成等关键时期,IAA含量升高,GA3、ZR以及多酚类物质含量降低,植物体内多种内源物质此消彼长,达到动态平衡,共同促进插穗生根。     

无患子属种质资源种实性状变异及综合评价

【目的】对我国及越南无患子属3种1变种的天然种质资源进行综合评价并定向筛选最优种质,为无患子属良种选育提供理论支撑和选育材料。【方法】基于我国14省(市、自治区)及越南1地区的无患子、川滇无患子、毛瓣无患子及石屏无患子共200份无患子属种质资源,针对20个种实性状,利用相关性、聚类和主成分分析等统计方法,分析种实性状变异,量化评价各种质。【结果】 1)无患子属种实性状变异系数(CV)在5.46%~38.19%,平均变异系数为17.42%,以果皮皂苷质量分数(CV=38.19%)、种仁百粒质量(30.23%)和果皮百粒质量(30.29%)变异较大,果型指数(5.46%)和种型指数(5.70%)变异较小。种实性状多样性指数在1.47~2.04之间,平均多样性指数为1.95。2)果实百粒质量与果皮百粒质量( r^2=0.927)、种子百粒质量(0.768)呈极显著正相关;种子百粒质量与种壳百粒质量(0.863)、种仁百粒质量(0.635)呈极显著正相关,而油脂质量分数与果皮皂苷质量分数(-0.382)呈极显著负相关。3)聚类分析将种质划分为3大类群,类群Ⅰ为小果型,类群Ⅲ为中果型,类群Ⅱ为大果型。无患子主要属于类群Ⅰ,川滇无患子、毛瓣无患子、石屏无患子主要属于类群Ⅱ、Ⅲ。类群Ⅱ集中分布于贵州、云南区域。4)针对无患子产业油用、皂用及综合利用开展主成分分析,筛选出3类无患子属优良种质各10份,主要为无患子、毛瓣无患子种质,综合利用优良种质较平均水平增益36.85%。【结论】无患子属果皮皂苷质量分数、种仁百粒质量和果皮百粒质量为代表的产量指标变异幅度最大,为无患子良种选育提供了丰富的资源和极大的空间;无患子属对皂苷产物积累过程投入的增加要以减少对油脂积累的投入为代价,这体现了无患子属在特定生态环境中的权衡策略;筛选出油用、皂用及综合利用3类各10份无患子属最优种质,普遍分布于云南、贵州区域,推测这些区域拥有更适合发展无患子产业的优良种质和环境条件。     

无患子果树不同激振条件下的振动响应特性研究

为了解决无患子人工采收效率低、成本高的问题,并对机械振动采收设备的设计提供理论基础。研究无患子果树不同激振条件下的振动特性以及振动能量的传递特性,通过建立果树受迫振动模型,分析影响无患子果树振动的因素,通过改变不同的激振条件,分析振动响应的最佳采收参数。综合考虑振动采收力和能量传输因素,结果表明,激振频率与加速度近似为二次曲线关系;高频率配合低激振点,低频率与高激振点组合效果最好;建议最佳的振动频率为12～14 Hz,激振源在75%主干上下处效果更好。     

Structure–biological activity relationships in triterpenic saponins: the relative activity of protobassic acid and its derivatives against plant pathogenic fungi

BACKGROUND: Triterpenic saponins from Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. and Diploknema butyracea JF Gmelin were evaluated for in vitro antifungal activity against four phytopathogenic fungi. The study of the structure–antifungal activity relationships of protobassic acid saponins was widened by including semi‐synthetic derivatives. RESULTS: Diploknema butyracea saponins exhibited significant antifungal activity against three fungi (ED₅₀ 230–455 µg mL^?1), whereas S. mukorossi saponin was effective against two fungi (ED₅₀ 181–407 µg mL^?1). The n‐butanol extract after preparative HPLC separation provided two saponins from D. butyracea saponin mixture: 3‐O‐[β‐D ‐glucopyarnosyl‐β‐D ‐glucopyranosyl]‐16‐α‐hydroxyprotobassic acid‐28‐O‐[arabinopyranosyl‐glucopyranosyl‐xylopyranosyl]‐arabinopyranoside (MI‐I), and 3‐O‐β‐D ‐glucopyranosyl‐glucopyranosyl‐glucopyranosyl‐16‐α‐hydroxyprotobassic acid‐28‐O‐[arabinopyranosyl‐xylopyranosyl‐arabinopyranosyl]‐apiofuranoside (MI‐III). The single saponin extracted from S. mukorossi saponin mixture was identified as 3‐O‐[O‐acetyl‐β‐D ‐xylopyranosyl‐β‐D ‐arabinopyranosyl‐β‐D ‐rhamnopyranosyl] hederagenin‐28‐O[β‐D ‐glucopyranosyl‐β‐D ‐glucopyranosyl‐β‐D ‐rhamnopyranosyl] ester (SM‐I). Monodesmosides resulting from the partial degradation of hederagenin and hydroxyprotobassic acid bisdesmosides exhibited significant reduction in antifungal effect. Further removal of sugar moiety yielded complete loss in activity. The antifungal activity of the triterpenic saponins was associated with their aglycone moieties, and esterification of the hydroxyl group led to change in antifungal activity. CONCLUSION: Sapindus mukorossi saponin, which is effective against Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) Briton Jones and Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., can be exploited for the development of a natural fungicide. A sugar moiety is a prerequisite for the antifungal activity of triterpenic saponin. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

对无患子提取液洗涤性能的研究

使用超声波提取无患子汁液,测定无患子汁液的粘度、pH值、泡沫高度、耐热性、耐寒性、洗涤效果及有毒金属元素含量等诸多性质。结果表明：无患子汁液有很好的表面活性和洗涤效果,其金属元素含量为As：〈10^-6mg·kg^-,Cd：5．68×10^-4mg·Kg^-1,Hg：〈10^-6mg·kg^-1,Pb：6．67×10^-3mg·kg^-1。为全方位开发和研制无患子源纯天然功能性产品提供理论依据。     

无患子总皂苷体外抑制酪氨酸酶活性的研究

[目的]研究无患子总皂苷体外对酪氨酸酶的抑制率.[方法]超声波提取法,溶剂用水、30％乙醇和60％乙醇对无患子总皂苷提取,用大孔树脂(D101)富集水、30％乙醇和70％乙醇部分,紫外分光光度计法,测量酪氨酸酶抑制率.[结果]超声波提取得率中,水提得率(18.56％)最高,60％乙醇提取得率为14.46％,而30％乙醇提取得率为17.85％,接近水提取得率;大孔树脂富集后70％乙醇洗脱部分抑制率高于30％乙醇部分和水部分;与熊果酸比较,70％乙醇洗脱部分、30％乙醇洗脱部分和总皂苷对酪氨酸酶均具有明显的抑制作用.[结论]无患子总皂苷及30％乙醇和70％乙醇大孔树脂洗脱部位对酪氨酸酶抑制率较高,可以作为优良的美白护肤品天然添加剂,应用于生产中.     

47份无患子种质果实性状与种子性状的相关性研究

本研究对收集的47份无患子种质的果实数量指标包括单果重、果纵径、果横径、果侧径、果皮厚、果皮重、果实体积以及果实中种子性状数量性状指标包括种纵径、种横径、种侧径、种子重、种子体积进行了测量.结果表明,无患子种子性状与果实各性状指标间均呈线性正相关.各性状中单果重差异最显著,最大10.11 g,最小2.78 9;47份无患子果实的表型性状变异程度：果皮重＞果皮厚＞果实体积＞种子重＞种子体积＞种侧径＞果横径＞果纵径＞果侧径＞种横径＞种纵径;对无患子不同种质间果实性状进行聚类分析,结果表明无患子依果实体积大小聚类.     

无患子实生苗苗期生长动态研究

在福建省顺昌县开展无患子播种育苗试验,重点研究了其苗期生长动态,掌握无患子在一年中的生长特性,研究结果表明:无患子实生苗的苗高生长高峰期在6月到9月,其中以7月到8月生长最快,生长量占总生长量的41.8%,进入9月后苗高生长放缓;地径增长旺盛时期在8月至9月,生长量占总生长量的20%左右。进入10月后,无患子实生苗的生长逐渐以增粗为主,11月后,苗高生长基本停止。复叶片数的变化趋势与苗高基本一致,即生长高峰期出现在7-8月间。11月后幼苗陆续落叶,进入休眠期,因此,复叶片数出现生长曲线出现回落现象。同时,单株最大小叶叶长和叶宽的增长高峰期也分别出现在7月和8月。无患子实生苗从8月上旬开始有单株萌发侧枝, 8-10月单株侧枝数增加较为迅速,11月后侧枝基本停止萌发。但侧枝基径和枝长的生长并未有明显放缓或停滞。说明,此时的地上部分物质积累主要用于侧枝的生长。