杭州湾滨海湿地现状与保护对策

杭州湾湿地是我国重要的河口型滨海湿地、对环杭州湾地区的资源、环境、经济的可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。本文初步研究了杭州湾湿地的现状、类型及主要生态问题,针对杭州湾湿地自然资源、生态环境特征和区域发展需求,提出杭州湾河口海岸湿地恢复和保护对策以及资源合理利用的技术和政策建议,以切实保护杭州湾多样化的湿地类型,持续发挥其生态服务功能。     

环杭州湾森林资源现状分析与评价

以浙江省森林资源连续清查第五次复查结果为依据,对环杭州湾的森林资源现状进行了综合论述,对正确、科学地认识环杭州湾的森林资源结构特点,指导该区域的林业生产,合理经营、科学管理森林资源,具有一定的现实意义。     

Manganese dynamics in a mangrove mud flat tidal creek in SE Brazil

This study investigated the behavior of soluble and particulate manganese, during tidal cycles in a mangrove tidal creek and adjacent mud flats in SE Brazil. We identify the major processes affecting manganese transport to mangroves. The results showed that manganese variability occurs both seasonally, and over the tidal cycle, in response to changing redox potentials. Tidal water flooding mud flats are enriched in manganese, originating from upward migration of reduced species and further adsorption onto suspended particles under oxic conditions. During the tidal cycle, particulate manganese concentrations are higher during flood periods, whilst dissolved concentrations are higher during ebb periods. Although quantitatively different, this pattern occurs both in winter and summer. The dynamics of manganese characterized in this study suggest that this metal may play a significant role as a conveyor of trace metals to mangrove ecosystems, as suggested by earlier studies.     

Vertical accretion and shallow subsidence in a mangrove forest of southwestern Florida,U.S.A.

Simultaneous measurements of vertical accretion from artificial soilmarker horizons and soil elevation change from sedimentation-erosion table(SET) plots were used to evaluate the processes related to soil building infringe, basin, and overwash mangrove forests located in a low-energy lagoonwhich receives minor inputs of terrigenous sediments. Vertical accretionmeasures reflect the contribution of surficial sedimentation (sedimentdeposition and surface root growth). Measures of elevation change reflectnot only the contributions of vertical accretion but also those ofsubsurface processes such as compaction, decomposition and shrink-swell. Thetwo measures were used to calculate amounts of shallow subsidence (accretionminus elevation change) in each mangrove forest. The three forest typesrepresent different accretionary environments. The basin forest was locatedbehind a natural berm. Hydroperiod here was controlled primarily by rainfallrather than tidal exchange, although the basin flooded during extreme tidalevents. Soil accretion here occurred primarily by autochthonous organicmatter inputs, and elevation was controlled by accretion and shrink-swell ofthe substrate apparently related to cycles of flooding-drying and/or rootgrowth-decomposition. This hydrologically-restricted forest did notexperience an accretion or elevation deficit relative to sea-level rise. Thetidally dominated fringe and overwash island forests accreted throughmineral sediment inputs bound in place by plant roots. Filamentous turfalgae played an important role in stabilizing loose muds in the fringeforest where erosion was prevalent. Elevation in these high-energyenvironments was controlled not only by accretion but also by erosion and/orshallow subsidence. The rate of shallow subsidence was consistently3–4 mm y^–1 in the fringe and overwash island forests butwas negligible in the basin forest. Hence, the vertical development ofmangrove soils was influenced by both surface and subsurface processes andthe processes controlling soil elevation differed among forest types.The mangrove ecosystem at Rookery Bay has remained stable as sea levelhas risen during the past 70 years. Yet, lead-210 accretion data suggest asubstantial accretion deficit has occurred in the past century (accretionwas 10–20 cm < sea-level rise from 1930 to 1990) in the fringe andisland forests at Rookery Bay. In contrast, our measures of elevation changemostly equalled the estimates of sea-level rise and our short term estimatesof vertial accretion exceeded the estimates by the amount of shallowsubsidence. These data suggest that (1) vertical accretion in this system isdriven by local sea-level rise and shallow subsidence, and (2) the mangroveforests are mostly keeping pace with sea-level rise. Thus, the vulnerabilityof this mangrove ecosystem to sea-level rise is best described in terms ofan elevation deficit (elevation change minus sea-level rise) based on annualmeasures rather than an accretion deficit (accretion minus sea-level rise)based on decadal measures.     

基于地统计学的莱州湾南岸土壤盐分离子的空间变异性研究

土壤中可溶性盐的分析是研究盐渍土盐分动态监测与盐渍化防治的重要基础工作。以莱州湾南岸地区作为研究对象,利用地统计学的方法研究了该区土壤盐分离子的空间变异特征,并运用Kriging插值绘制了盐分离子的空间分布图。结果表明,除Cl-属强变异强度外,其他离子均具有中等变异强度;受结构性因素和随机性因素的共同作用,各盐分离子均具有中等强度的空间相关性,自相关距差异不大;东西方向上各盐分离子都呈明显的2阶趋势效应,南—北方向上,除SO42-呈1阶趋势效应外,其他盐分离子都呈现明显的2阶趋势效应;Kriging插值图表明大部分盐分离子的空间结构性都较好,东部的离子含量明显低于其他方向。该研究结果为莱州湾地区盐渍化土壤的防治、改良和利用提供了理论基础。     

浙江省杭州湾地区城市规划对耕地保护的潜在影响

以浙江省沿杭州湾经济快速发展地区为例,结合土地利用现状、城市规划和农用地分等数据,利用GIS空间分析方法,探讨了该地区未来城市建设用地扩展及其对耕地数量和质量的潜在威胁。结果表明：研究区是浙江省耕地资源分布相对集中且质量较高的地区,规划期间建设用地扩展迅速,新增用地面积达9.4×104 hm2;按照现有规划,研究区将减少耕地面积7.1×104 hm2,耕地是规划新增建设用地的主要来源,约占75%;优质耕地的减少量大,减少速度快,一至五等耕地的减少量占67.5%,一、二等耕地到2020年将分别减少37.16%和35.52%。建议应用农用地分等成果对规划占用的耕地进行质量评价,调整规划方案,减少建设对耕地数量质量的影响,保障粮食生产能力。     

兴化湾环境因子与叶绿素a之间的相关性分析

2008年春、秋季对兴化湾的8个站位点进行6次常规要素监测,利用SPSS 18.0数据统计分析软件,从理化环境因子、营养盐因子2个方面分别对叶绿素a进行了相关性分析,同时分析了叶绿素a的时空分布特征。结果显示,兴化湾叶绿素a含量有明显的季节性差异,春、秋季节的叶绿素a含量与理化环境因子中的温度呈显著正相关,与溶解氧、pH值呈显著负相关,与化学需氧量的相关性不明显;与营养盐因子中的氨氮呈显著正相关,与硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐以及活性磷酸盐相关性不明显。兴化湾海域叶绿素a的含量受多个环境因子协同作用的影响。     

The spectre of past spectral conditions: colour plasticity,crypsis and predation risk in freshwater sculpin from newly deglaciated streams

Whiteley AR, Bergstrom CA, Linderoth T, Tallmon DA. The spectre of past spectral conditions: colour plasticity, crypsis, and predation risk in freshwater sculpin from newly deglaciated streams. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2011: 20: 80–91. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Coastrange sculpin (Cottus aleuticus) have colonised recently deglaciated streams of Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska, USA, within the last 200 years. Highly cryptic colouration across a marked gradient of stream substrate colours within Glacier Bay could result from physiological (rapid) or morphological (slower) colour change. Laboratory experiments revealed that physiological colour plasticity occurred on the order of minutes, with significant variation in the degree of colour change among individuals and between populations. In contrast, morphological colour plasticity occurred on the order of weeks to months. Experimentally manipulated spectral conditions influenced the magnitude and variance of subsequent physiological colour plasticity. In‐stream predation trials revealed significantly more predation attempts on higher background contrast sculpin models, providing evidence that background colour matching has strong fitness consequences. Colour plasticity with apparent fitness consequences occurs at multiple interacting time scales in coastrange sculpin and may play an important role in the colonisation of recently deglaciated streams.     

Evaluation of resistance to Dermo in eastern oyster strains tested in Chesapeake Bay

We investigated growth, Dermo disease, and survival for nine groups of oysters, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) cultivated in Chesapeake Bay (CB). Five regional strains (upper CB, North Carolina (NC), South Carolina (SC), Louisiana (LA) and LA triploids) and four additional hybrid strains (CB oysters mated with NC, SC, LA and Texas (TX) oysters) were held in floating rafts at three locations representative of lower CB: ‘low’ salinity (3–14 g L^?1), ‘moderate’ salinity (5–20 g L^?1) and ‘high’ salinity (14–24 g L^?1). At each site, patterns of growth and incidence of infection with Perkinsus marinus (Levine), the causative agent of Dermo disease, were similar. However, mortality trends were markedly different at each site; the CB strain being notable for accelerated mortality following infection with P. marinus. In addition, hybrids between CB and all four of the regional strains exhibited similar accelerated mortality in response to infection. Mortality was strongly correlated with infection only at the high salinity site implicating interaction of differences in both oyster strain and virulence of Dermo between moderate and high salinity areas as factors in differential mortality across sites.