康宁木霉固态发酵改善茶渣营养价值

本试验旨在研究康宁木霉固态发酵茶渣,提高茶渣营养价值,并筛选出最佳的发酵条件。用单因素试验优化发酵茶渣的基质比例（茶渣∶玉米粉=6∶4、7∶3、8∶2、9∶1）、料液比（3∶7、4∶6、5∶5、6∶4、7∶3）、接种量（2%、4%、6%、8%、10%）、发酵温度（25、28、31、34、37 ℃）和发酵时间（0、2、4、6、8、10、14、22 d）。以基质比例、发酵温度、接种量和发酵时间为影响因素,进行L9（3⁴）正交试验确定茶渣最优发酵条件。测定各组发酵产物粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、还原糖、黄酮、皂苷和咖啡因含量,计算各组合的综合评分。确定最优条件后进行对比试验,比较了发酵前后茶渣的营养成分、活性物质和游离氨基酸含量。结果表明：1）单因素试验中,以下条件的综合评分最高：基质比例为7∶3,料液比为5∶5,接种量为8%,发酵温度为31 ℃,发酵时间为6 d。2）正交试验表明,康宁木霉发酵茶渣（料液比为5∶5）的最佳条件是：基质比例为7.0∶2.5,发酵温度为31 ℃,接种量为7%,发酵时间为6或7 d。3）与未发酵茶渣相比,最优条件下发酵茶渣的粗蛋白质、还原糖、黄酮、咖啡因、多种游离氨基酸含量和必需氨基酸/总氨基酸、风味氨基酸/总氨基酸均显著提高（P<0.05）,皂苷含量显著降低（P<0.001）,粗脂肪含量与未发酵茶渣无显著差异（P>0.05）。发酵6和7 d的茶渣营养成分和活性物质含量无显著差异（P>0.05）。由此可见,康宁木霉发酵茶渣能够改善茶渣的营养价值。     

Intercropping field crops between rows of Leucaena leucocephala under rainfed conditions in northern India

A field study was conducted for six years (1981–1986) on sandy loam soil on intercropping hedgerows of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) de Wit. with three field crops viz. maize (Zea mays L), black gram (Vigna mungo L) and cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L Taub.). In treatments 1 and 2 Leucaena hedges were planted as pure crops at close (25 cm × 75 cm) and wide (25 cm × 375 cm) spacings. In treatments 3, 4 and 5 the three field crops were intercropped between the hedgerows of Leucaena at the wide spacing, and in treatments 6, 7 and 8 the field crops were raised as pure crops. Leucaena was topped to 75 cm each time it attained a height of 175 cm. The pure crop of Leucaena at close spacing produced an average, over the six years, of 34 t ha⁻¹a⁻¹ of green fodder and 9.4 t ha⁻¹a⁻¹ of air dry fuelwood. The Leucaena at wide spacing produced 18.9 t ha⁻¹a⁻¹ of green fodder and 6.3 t ha⁻¹a⁻¹ of fuelwood. Intercropping with field crops decreased the yield of green fodder and fuelwood. The yield of all the field crops was less when raised as intercrops than as pure crops. Mean maximum net returns were obtained from intercrops of Leucaena and cluster bean (Rs 3540 ha⁻¹a⁻¹) which were significantly higher than the returns from pure crop of Leucaena at wide spacing but similar to the returns from pure crops of cluster bean. Leucaena with maize (Rs 3273 ha⁻¹a⁻¹) and black gram (Rs 3125 ha⁻¹a⁻¹) gave significantly higher net returns over pure crops of Leucaena at wide spacing, maize and black gram. ICRISAT = International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics- Hyderabad, India. CIAT = Centro International de Agricultura Tropical - Cali - Columbia     

Shade improves coffee quality in a sub-optimal coffee-zone of Costa Rica

Quality is an important attribute of coffee. Therefore it is important to understand the effect of overstory trees not only on the environment and long-term coffee production, but also on the quality of coffee grown underneath the trees. This study compared coffee quality of Coffea arabica L. vars. Caturra and Catimor 5175 under different levels of shade in a low-elevation, sub-optimal environment for coffee in Costa Rica. Fruit weight and bean size increased significantly when shade intensity was increased from 0% to more than 80% under unpruned Erythrina poeppigiana. While large beans (diameter > 6.7 mm) accounted for 49 and 43% of the coffee from unshaded Caturra and Catimor, respectively, these proportions increased to 69 and 72% under dense permanent shade. This suggested a stronger shade benefit for Catimor than for Caturra. The conversion percentages from fresh-weight coffee fruits to dry-weight green coffee for export were not affected by the treatments. A blind tasting experiment showed consistent shade-induced improvements in appearance of green and roasted coffee as well as in acidity and body of the brew for both varieties. The effect of shade on aroma of the brew was neutral for Caturra and slightly negative for Catimor. It is hypothesized that, in the sub-optimal (low-altitude) coffee-zone studied, shade promotes slower and more balanced filling and uniform ripening of berries, thus yielding a better-quality product than unshaded coffee plants. Shade experiments along environmental gradients should help to validate this conjecture and its relative importance in different coffee-zones.     

沙棘籽的综合利用Ⅰ——沙棘籽油渣的化学成分研究

以甘肃省漳县产沙棘籽提油后的渣为原料对其所含化学成分进行了研究。实验结果表明，油渣中含有十多类化学成分，特别是含有丰富的蛋白质、糖类、可食纤维素、钾、镁、铬、硒和锰等人体必需的营养成分。说明沙棘籽中的大部分生物活性物质在提油之后仍遗留在油渣中。为了提高沙棘资源的利用率、增加沙棘籽的附加值，必须进一步深入研究沙棘籽油渣的化学成分及其提取工艺，开发这些成分的新用途，对沙棘籽实行综合利用。     

辅助充种带气吸式蚕豆精量排种器设计与试验

针对蚕豆种子粒径大、三轴尺寸差异大,充种困难的问题,设计了一种带有平带辅助充种装置的气吸式蚕豆精量排种器。通过对充种过程中的动力学分析阐述了平带辅助充种装置及种子的运动机理;利用计算流体力学和离散元法双向耦合模拟的方法(Computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method, CFD-DEM),开展了单因素试验,确定了影响排种器充种性能的主要零部件参数并明晰了平带辅助充种机理;搭建试验台架,选取作业速度、平带输入轴转速和负压为试验因素,合格指数、重播指数、漏播指数为试验指标,进行了二次回归正交组合试验。试验结果表明,影响排种器合格指数的因素主次顺序为：作业速度、负压、平带输入轴转速。对试验结果进行多目标优化,得到最优参数组合为作业速度5.69 km/h、平带输入轴转速395 r/min、负压3 845 Pa,对此结果进行排种器性能试验验证,此时合格指数为91.6%、重播指数为3.8%、漏播指数为4.6%,满足蚕豆播种要求。     

绿豆VrNAC转录因子鉴定及生物信息学分析

为了探索绿豆中NACs转录因子的特征及功能,研究基于绿豆基因组及转录组数据,鉴定得到59条VrNACs核酸序列,通过生物信息学,对其进行核酸结构组成分析、染色体定位分析、进化分析及聚类分析,结果表明绿豆VrNACs均N端保守,C端变异,均匀地分布于绿豆不同染色体上,参与绿豆的生长发育及逆境胁迫响应。本研究初步揭示绿豆VrNAC基因的特征及功能,为绿豆的分子育种奠定基础。绿豆;VrNAC;转录因子;生物信息学分析     

小豆的经济价值及绿色节本增效栽培技术

本文简述了小豆的经济价值,并从选地整地、播种、田间管理、病虫草害绿色防控、适时收获等方面阐述了小豆绿色节本增效栽培技术,以期为小豆生产提供技术参考。     

高通量测序分析蚕豆种子内生细菌的多样性

为了分析蚕豆种子内生细菌的多样性,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,从日本大白皮（S18P23.1、 S18P23.2）和启豆2号（S18P24.1、S18P24.2）的种子获得16S RNA V3～V4区有效序列133 855条。将高于97％相似度的序列划分为一个操作分类单元（operational taxonomic unit, OTU）,优化后得到1 598个OTUs。内生细菌种群分析结果表明,拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes,丰度为30%～33%）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria, 23%～25%）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes, 23%～25%）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria, 5%～7%）为两个蚕豆品种共有的优势菌门,但属水平的优势菌群在供试蚕豆种子中均有差异。这些结果表明,蚕豆种子具有丰富的内生细菌资源,含有多种具有益功能性状的细菌类群,值得进一步跟踪研究这些益生菌在蚕豆种植到土壤后的变化规律;启豆2号种子中益生菌的种类和丰度高于日本大白皮,值得进一步分离和研究这些益生菌的益生或促生特性,筛选获得在食品和生物肥料等领域有应用潜力的菌株。     

丽水市鲜食蚕豆品比试验

从江苏沿江地区农科所引进4个品种分别在当地主产区和试验基地进行种植。结果表明：大棚种植能明显提早上市时间;通蚕6号适应性较好,蚕豆在露地及大棚中种植均表现优异,值得在当地大面积推广。03010单株性状表现较好,还需进一步试验。     

Effects of dietary substitution of soya bean meal for fish meal on consumption, growth, and metabolism of juvenile giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii

A 42‐day study was conducted where prawns (0.32 g) were fed diets where 0, 20, 50, 75 and 100 g (100 g)^?1 of fish meal was replaced by soya bean meal (SBM). Feed intake was not significantly affected by inclusion of SBM, while specific growth rate and conversion efficiency decreased with increasing dietary SBM. Standard metabolic rate was significantly affected by dietary soya bean level, and was the highest in the 75 g (100 g)^?1 SBM group. Carcass dry matter, crude fat and energy value declined with increasing SBM inclusion. SBM, without supplementation of amino acids or other additives, was not suitable as a major protein source in freshwater‐prawn diets.