Diversity among Finnish net blotch isolates and resistance in barley

Summary Seedlings of a differential barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) series (21 genotypes) and of six check genotypes were used in the greenhouse to assess variation in virulence among 20 single-spore isolates of the net blotch pathogen. Pyrenophora teres Drechs. f.teres Smedeg., collected from various sites in Finland. The experiment was run twice and symptom expression was recorded on the first three leaves. Analysis of second leaf symptom scores from Run 1 indicated differences in virulence between isolates, all of which were pathogenic, and differential resistance among the barleys. The virulence of P. teres isolates appeared to be conditioned by the host barley from which the isolate derived; the average virulence of isolates collected from a susceptible host was greater than that of isolates collected from a less susceptible host. Results from Run 2 were similar regarding resistance within the barleys, but variation in virulence among the P. teres isolates was not consistent with that from Run 1. CI 9819 caries duplicate genes for resistance to P. teres (Rpt1b and Rpt1c), and CI 7548 possesses Rpt3d. Both genotypes were highly resistant to all isolates. The Rpt1a gene of Tifang (CI4407) conferred resistance to all isolates in Run 2, but only to about half of the isolates in Run 1. The checks, including two of the symptomatically most resistant Nordic barley genotypes, were universally susceptible during these stringent tests. No selective pressure has been placed on Finnish isolates of P. teres through previous deployment of major resistance genes, and it is speculated that any variation in virulence among isolates is likely to be due to a combination of evolutionary forces including, natural selection, random genetic drift and gene flow.     

Variation for resistance to Puccinia hordei in Ethiopian barley landraces

Summary Up to 100 single plant derived lines of 18 Ethiopian barley landraces were evaluated for infection type in the seedling and adult plant stage, and for latent period in the adult plant stage only. A low infection type indicates the presence of race-specific resistance genes of the hypersensitive type, while the latent period is the major component of the polygenic, partial resistance.In the seedling stage 1721 of these single plant derived landrace lines were assessed for infection type against two barley leaf rust races. In the adult plant stage 1227 from these 1721 lines were evaluated for infection type against one race. In the seedling stage 2 (against race 1-2-1) and 29 against race A) out of the 1721 lines showed an infection type lower than 6–7 on the 0 to 9 scale. In the adult plant stage none of the 1227 lines had an infection type lower than 6–7 against race 1-2-1.The variation between and within the landraces for latent period in the adult plant stage was large. Some landraces such as landrace 212845 showed a highly significant and longer mean latent period than most other landraces. Virtually all plants in all landraces carry at least some partial resistance.The near-absence of race-specific, major, resistance genes and the high frequency of moderate levels of partial resistance indicates that the durability of leaf rust resistance in Ethiopian barley landraces is due to the latter type of resistance, and that the multiline principle does not operate.     

Utilization of deletions to localize a gene for resistance to the cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenue, on an Aegilops ventricosa chromosome

A previous RFLP analysis showed that the Aegilops ventricosa chromosome 6M^V which compensates for the absence of 6D in 6M^V (6D) wheat substitution lines was a 2/6 translocated chromosome, either 2S–6S.6L or 2S–6L.6S. The distal part of its long arm consists of a translocated segment belonging to homoeologous group 2. Chromosome 6M^V carries a gene(s) for resistance to cereal cyst nematode. In order to define the part of 6M^V (2S or 6S or 6L) involved in this resistance, addition lines with a 6M^V deleted either for its short arm or for the distal part of its long arm were evaluated. It was shown that the gene(s) is carried by the group 2 translocated segment. The hypothesis that the gene(s) could be allelic to Cre2, another gene conferring resistance to the nematode introduced into the wheat complement from Ae. ventricosa is discussed.     

Genes conferring low seedling reaction to Mexican pathotypes of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici,and adult-plant responses of recent wheat cultivars from the former USSR

Fifty-five spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, mostly released between 1975 and 1991 in eight leaf rust-prone spring wheat growing regions of the former USSR, were tested in the seedling growth stage for reaction to 15 Mexican pathotypes of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici. In total, seven known and at least two unknown genes were identified, either singly or in combinations: Lr3 (7 cultivars), Lr10 (14), Lr13 (5), Lr14a (1), Lr16 (1), Lr23 (3); the unknown genes were identified in 14 cultivars. The first unknown gene could be either Lr9, Lr19, or Lr25; however, the second unknown gene in 9 cultivars was different from any named gene. Twelve of the 15 pathotypes are virulent for this gene, hence its use in breeding for resistance will be limited. The cultivars were also evaluated at two field locations in Mexico with two pathotypes in separate experiments. The area under the disease progress curve and the final disease rating of the cultivars indicated genetic diversity for genes conferring adult plant resistance. based on the symptoms of the leaf tip necrosis in adult plants, resistance gene Lr34 could be present in at least 20 cultivars. More than half of the cultivars carry high to moderate levels of adult plant resistance and were distributed in each region.     

In vitro selection of tomato transformants at the immature embryo stage

Summary A method is described for selecting resistant transformed tomato genotypes in vitro at the stage of immature embryos. The utilization of HLH nutrient medium with the selective agent kanamycin is proposed. Normal development of seedlings from immature embryos, which do not form callus, is a good and true indicator for isolation of resistant genotypes. The immature embryos do not germinate and develop on MS selective medium.     

Some remarks on carrot breeding (Daucus carota sativus Hoffm.)

Carrot breeding in the past 150 years has resulted in varieties with high yield, a short growing period, and excellent root colour. Recently, hybrid varieties have demonstrated good uniformity of roots, a quality accepted by most consumers. By contrast, only a few resistant varieties (mainly open-pollinated varieties) are offered by seed companies, most being resistant to Alternaria. Hybrid breeding offers a chance of combining good uniformity and different sources of resistance. Efforts in future breeding should concentrate on the improvement of health and the development of genotypes suitable for cultivation in suboptimal climates and regions, as well as for special applications.     

Genetic analysis of powdery-mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei) resistance derived from wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum)

The inheritance of resistance to powdery mildew was investigated in 20 accessions of Hordeum spontaneum and in 20 F₄ lines derived from crosses between the variety ‘Aramir’ and 13 accessions of H. spontaneum. Two resistance genes were detected in 17 accessions, and three resistance genes in one accession. In two accessions, only one resistance gene was present. The 20 breeding lines showed a large variation in infection type and infection level. The genetic relationship between the resistance genes detected was investigated in the seven most resistant F₄ lines. These F₄ lines were divided into three groups which carried different resistance genes. In two lines, the detected resistance gene was shown to be race-specific.     

棉酚及色素腺体对棉花抗枯萎病性的作用

本文对低酚棉与有酚棉的抗病和感病品种及其杂交后代进行了研究。结果表明，在种子中棉酚含量及色素腺体密度与品种的抗枯萎病性没有相关性。在幼苗中，低酚棉幼苗棉酚含量均显著高于有酚棉品种，但它们之间的抗枯萎病性也没有显著差异。在低酚棉与有酚棉品种杂交的Ｆ２代群体中，无色素腺体和稀色素腺体类型苗的抗病性明显高于腺体密度较高的类型苗。对７个杂交组合Ｆ２代中有色素腺体和无色素腺体幼苗的抗病性分析表明，无色素腺体类型苗的病指显著低于有色素腺体类型苗的病指。幼苗人工接种枯萎菌后，棉酚含量表现升高，但抗病品种低于感病品种。     

Using colour image analysis for quantitative assessment of powdery mildew on cucumber

Summary Visual assessment, black & white image analysis and colour image analysis of the severity of powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) infection on leaves of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) were compared. The extent of infection with powdery mildew was expressed as the number of spores per cm². Statistical treatment of the data showed colour image analysis to be superior to the other two methods of evaluation. Major veins, light reflections and variations in the colour of leaves can degrade the accuracy of colour image analysis somewhat. These problems are, however, surmountable. Colour image analysis qualifies as a valuable new tool for accurate, objective, reproducible and detailed quantitative assessment of disease on leaves of plants.Abbreviations H hue - I intensity - IA image analysis - PM powdery mildew - S saturation     

甘蔗新品种及主栽品种对褐锈病抗性与Bru1基因分子检测

The aim of this study was to assess brown rust resistance of new sugarcane varieties bred in China and main cultivated varieties in sugarcane planting area, and screen the elite new brown rust resistant varieties for popularization and application in production. In total, 60 new varieties in the national regional test of new sugarcane varieties were tested in Kaiyuan and Lincang, and 34 main cultivated varieties were studied in Lincang, Puer, and Yuxi, Yunnan province, and Yizhou, Guangxi province, China, where the incidence of brown rust was particularly high. The resistance of these sugarcane varieties to brown rust was investigated under natural inoculation and molecular marker-assisted identification was used to detect the brown rust resistance gene Bru1. The results of field survey showed that 66 (70.21%) of the 94 new and main cultivated varieties were highly resistant to moderately resistant, and 28 (29.79%) were susceptible to highly susceptible. Molecular detection indicated that Bru1 gene was found among 54 (57.45%) of the 94 new and main cultivated varieties. Some main cultivated varieties that were currently planted across large areas such as Guitang 29, Guitang 44, Dezhe 03-83, Liucheng 03-1137, Yuetang 60, and Guitang 46 were highly susceptible to brown rust, and 31 new varieties such as Yuegan 48, Funong 09-2201, Guitang 08-120, Liucheng 09-15, Zhongzhe 1, Yunzhe 08-1609, Yunrui 10-187, and Zhongtang 1201 were resistant. Therefore, in the sugarcane planting areas with high incidence of brown rust and wet and rainy climates, more effort should be eliminated the main susceptible varieties and promoted the application of new resistant varieties. This will help to achieve a reasonable distribution of varieties, fundamentally control the outbreak of disease in sugarcane planting areas, and provide security for the high-quality development of sugarcane industry in China in the future.