NaCl对库拉索芦荟的胁迫效应研究

温室盆栽条件下，研究了100～400mmol／L NaCl胁迫对2年生库拉索芦荟的生长及体内离子分布的影响。结果表明，100mmoL／L NaCl处理下芦荟植株干重和叶片叶绿素含量与对照差异不显著，200和400mmol／L NaCl处理下干重和叶绿素含量显著下降；芦荟根系活力在200mmol／L NaCl处理下达到最大值，增加盐浓度，根系活力下降；盐胁迫处理的叶片电解质渗漏率显著高于对照，随着胁迫强度的增加而增加。盐胁迫下，芦荟体内Na^＋和Cl^-含量随着盐浓度的增加而增加，K^＋和Ca^2＋表现出相反的变化趋势。Na^＋主要积累在茎部，叶片和根系含量较小；Cl^-主要积累在叶片，茎部含量相对高于根系。盐胁迫下芦荟体内K^＋和Ca^2＋含量明显低于对照，随着盐浓度增加，叶片K^＋含量明显增加，Ca^2＋则相反。芦荟叶片保持相对较低的Na^＋／K^＋比率和较强的K^＋和Ca^2＋向上选择性运输能力，是芦荟具有一定耐盐性的重要原因。     

NaCl对大麦硝态氮吸收动力学特征的影响

采用营养液培养方法研究了不同盐分和氮水平对大麦‘鉴四’(Hordeum vulgare L.)生长及硝态氮(NO3?-N)吸收动力学参数特征的影响。结果表明:不同浓度NO3?-N与Na Cl预处理后,大麦对NO3?吸收符合离子吸收动力学模型,其吸收动力学参数表现为NO3?预处理浓度增加后,Vmax增大,Km值增加,但增加的幅度不一致。对高亲和力系统来说,所有预处理大麦的NO3?-N吸收曲线均符合Michaelis-Menten方程的描述。1 mmol?L?1NO3?-N预处理中,120 mmol?L?1 Na Cl预处理比1 mmol?L?1 Na Cl预处理显著提高了NO3?-N的吸收速率;10 mmol?L?1NO3?-N预处理时,120 mmol?L?1 Na Cl预处理与1 mmol?L?1 Na Cl预处理无显著性差异。表明低氮环境下生长的大麦,其根系NO3?-N高亲和力系统受Na Cl影响较大。对低亲和力系统来说,所有预处理大麦的NO3?-N吸收曲线均符合Michaelis-Menten方程的描述。在1 mmol?L?1 NO3?-N预处理中,与1 mmol?L?1 Na Cl预处理相比,120 mmol?L?1 Na Cl胁迫的大麦NO3?-N吸收速率显著提高;10 mmol?L?1 NO3?-N预处理中,120 mmol?L?1 Na Cl与1 mmol?L?1 Na Cl处理相比,降低了大麦的NO3?-N吸收速率。表明低氮环境下生长的大麦,盐胁迫对其根系低亲和力系统有促进作用,而高氮环境下生长的大麦,盐胁迫对其低亲和力系统的NO3?-N吸收没提高作用。     

Differential responses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) — Rhizobium combinations to saline soil conditions

Summary Chickpea cultivars (Cicer arietinum L.) and their symbiosis with specific strains of Rhizobium spp. were examined under salt stress. The growth of rhizobia declined with NaCl concentrations increasing from 0.01 to 2% (w : v). Two Rhizobium spp. strains (F-75 and KG 31) tolerated 1.5% NaCl. Of the 10 chickpea cultivars examined, only three (Pusa 312, Pusa 212, and Pusa 240) germinated at 1.5% NaCl. The chickpea — Rhizobium spp. symbiosis was examined in the field, with soil varying in salinity from electrical conductivity (EC) 4.5 to EC 5.2 dSm^-1, to identify combinations giving satisfactory yields. Significant interactions between strains and cultivars caused differential yields of nodules, dry matter, and grain. Four chickpea — Rhizobium spp. combinations, Pusa 240 and F-75 (660 kg ha^-1), Pusa 240 and IC 76 (440 kg ha^-1), Pusa 240 and KG 31 (390 kg ha^-1), and Pusa 312 and KG 31 (380 kg ha^-1), produced significantly higher grain yields in saline soil.     

钙对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗抗氧化酶活性和膜脂过氧化作用的影响

研究了外源Ca2 对盐胁迫下耐盐性不同的两个水稻品种(武育粳3号和IR36)几种抗氧化酶活性及膜脂过氧化的影响。结果表明:适量的Ca2 供应能有效提高水稻叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)以及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的活性,使之维持在较高的水平上,并降低了丙二醛(MDA)含量和细胞膜透性。此外,外源Ca2 还增加了抗坏血酸(AsA)的含量,增强了水稻幼苗的根系活力。这表明适量的外源Ca2 供应提高水稻耐盐性的原因之一,在于其增强了植株的活性氧清除能力以及对细胞膜的稳定作用。     

盐胁迫对刺槐混栽苗光合特性的影响

以刺槐、榆树、臭椿、绒毛白蜡、杨树为试材,利用不同浓度盐溶液模拟盐胁迫条件,研究了盐胁迫对刺槐混栽苗光合特性的影响。结果表明：低盐胁迫下刺槐混栽苗的Pn、Ci、Cond同步下降,且相关性较高;而随着胁迫的增强,三者又有所增高,在高盐胁迫下（200mmol/L）又开始下降,但盐胁迫对不同混栽苗光合作用的伤害作用不同。     

丛枝菌根对酸枣实生苗耐盐性的影响

本文研究了在土中加入不同量NaCl条件下 (0、1 5、3 0、4 5gkg-1干土 )接种丛枝菌根真菌 (AMF)Glomusmosseae对盆栽酸枣 (ZizyphusspinosusHu)实生苗生长及耐盐性的影响。结果表明 ,无论接种与否 ,植株的高度、根茎叶的干鲜重均随土壤NaCl浓度的增加而降低 ,而根、茎、叶和整株的Na浓度及Na全量均随土壤NaCl浓度的增加而增大。在土壤盐浓度相同的条件下 ,接种AMF植株的生长量 (株高、鲜重、干重等 )和叶片的叶绿素含量显著高于不接种植株。接种AMF的植株茎、叶中Na浓度低于不接种植株 ,而根中Na浓度、植株Na总量显著高于不接种植株。盐浓度最大的接种处理 ,其植株生长量和叶片叶绿素含量均高于不加盐不接菌处理。播种时进行盐胁迫处理和播种后 4 0d开始进行盐胁迫处理对菌根的侵染率、植株生长的影响差异不显著。上述四种盐浓度播种时进行盐处理的接种AMF植株的总干重比不接种植株分别提高 16 4 %、14 9%、4 8%、35 % ,在播种后 4 0d进行盐处理的接种AMF的植株比不接种植株分别提高 194 %、12 7%、72 %、4 6 %。结果证明 ,酸枣实生苗具有较强的耐盐性 ,其生长对菌根真菌有很强的依赖性 ,接种菌根真菌提高了其耐盐能力。     

钙离子对两种基因型冬小麦萌发过程中盐胁迫效应的影响

以两种不同基因型冬小麦种子为试验材料,研究了外源Ca(NO3)2和CaC l2对小麦萌发过程中盐害的缓解作用。结果表明,150mmol L-1NaC l胁迫明显抑制小麦种子的萌发。盐胁迫主要影响小麦根和芽的伸长,对根数的影响较小。种子萌发过程中,小偃6号的耐盐性优于陕229。外源钙对两种小麦盐胁迫效应的缓解作用不同。6mmol L-1钙离子可明显减轻陕229的盐害作用,对小偃6号作用不大。盐胁迫对种子萌发过程中的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性具有明显的抑制作用。盐胁迫下,小偃6号种子的蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性明显高于陕229。钙离子对盐胁迫下小麦萌发过程胚乳内蛋白酶的活性影响较大,对淀粉酶活性影响较小。     

盐胁迫下转Bt基因棉的K+、Na+转运及SOD活性的变化

通过对转Bt基因棉(苏抗103)和受体棉(苏棉12)在不同浓度盐胁迫条件下的钾钠离子的转运、累积分布以及它们SOD活性和H2O2含量变化的比较,证明了Bt抗虫基因的导入一方面导致棉花植株地上部钾累积增多,根部钾含量降低,从根往地上部的钾转运能力增强,而且根吸收能力也有增强趋势;然而另一方面,受盐胁迫时转Bt基因棉对钾的向上运输选择性减弱,地上部钠积累偏多,盐耐性减弱;SOD活性受盐胁迫影响,下降显著,超氧自由基的清除能力可能受到影响。结果表明,与常规棉有所不同,转Bt基因棉可能不太适宜在盐碱土壤上种植。     

Effect of nitrogen levels and Rhizobium strains on symbiotic N2 fixation and grain yield of Phaseolus vulgaris L. genotypes in normal and saline-sodic soils

Summary Following screening, selection, characterization, and symbiotic N₂ fixation with 12,5, 25.0, and 40.0 mg N kg^–1 in normal and saline-sodic soils, only two Phaseolus vulgaris genotypes (HUR 137 and VL 63) and two Rhizobium spp. strains (ND 1 and ND 2) produced maximum nodulation, nitrogenase activity, plant N contents, and grain yields in saline-sodic soil, with 12.5 mg N kg^–1, compared with the other strains. However, interactions between strains (USDA 2689, USDA 2674, and ND 5) and genotypes (PDR 14, HUR 15, and HUR 138) were significant and resulted in more nodulation, and greater plant N contents, nitrogenase activity, and grain yields in normal soils with 12.5 mg N kg^–1 compared with salt-tolerant strains. Higher levels of N inhibited nodulation and nitrogenase activity without affecting grain yields. To achieve high crop yields from saline-sodic and normal soils in the plains area, simultaneous selection of favourably interacting symbionts is necessary for N economy, so that bean yields can be increased by the application of an active symbiotic system.     

Salt marsh rhizosphere affects microbial biotransformation of the widespread halogenated contaminant tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA)

Estuarine sediments are the repository for a wide range of contaminants. Anthropogenic impacts and variations in the belowground biomass of salt marsh plants potentially select for different sediment microbial communities with different functional capabilities, including the ability to biotransform anthropogenic contaminants. There are large differences in both root morphology and the amount of fine root biomass of Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis; Spartina is the species commonly used to replace Phragmites in northeastern US salt marsh restoration projects. Our study compared the effect of these two macrophyte species on sediment microbial communities responsible for the biotransformation of the halogenated flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). Sediments were obtained from contaminated and uncontaminated salt marsh field sites in New Jersey. Anaerobic methanogenic sediment microcosms were established and incubated for up to 130 days. TBBPA was reductively dehalogenated resulting in the transient formation of two intermediates, identified as tribromobisphenol A and dibromobisphenol A, and the formation and accumulation of bisphenol A (BPA) as the end product. Spartina sediments from both sites were found to dehalogenate TBBPA more rapidly than the Phragmites or unvegetated sediments, resulting in greater production of BPA. Microbial community diversity as measured by in situ sediment phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition prior to TBBPA exposure, was found to be higher in the uncontaminated sediments; differences in microbial PLFA diversity were not seen in contaminated sediments associated with either the different plant species or unvegetated sediment. The results of this study demonstrate that these two plant species affected sediment microbial community function with respect to dehalogenation capabilities, even though the disturbed and undisturbed sediments varied in microbial community composition.