NaCl胁迫对不同耐盐性小黑麦幼苗Na~+、K~+、Cl~-吸收及分配的影响

为了解小黑麦耐盐性与离子吸收之间的关系,以4个耐盐性不同的小黑麦品种为材料,分析了不同浓度NaCl(0、50、100、200mmol·L-1)胁迫处理10d后,小黑麦幼苗鲜重、地上部分和根部Na+、K+、Cl-分布以及限钠能力和K+/Na+的变化。结果表明,随NaCl浓度的升高,4个小黑麦品种鲜重均逐步降低,Na+、Cl-含量大幅提高;除中饲828外,其他3个品种的地上部Na+、Cl-含量均高于根部;K+含量随NaCl浓度的升高而逐步下降,根部下降幅度大于地上部。随NaCl浓度的升高,小黑麦地上部限钠能力及地上部分和根部K+/Na+逐渐降低。在4个品种中,抗盐性强的中饲828地上部能维持相对较低的Na+、Cl-含量,具有较高的K+/Na+,生物量也较高;盐敏感品种劲松49则相反。说明限制地上部Na+的吸收和维持较高的K+/Na+是小黑麦耐盐的策略之一。     

植物对盐胁迫生理反应的研究综述

该文综述了盐胁迫对植物种子发芽及幼苗生长、细胞膜透性、光合作用以及植物体内活性氧的影响。     

盐胁迫对桑叶中1-脱氧野尻酶素含量的影响

[目的]考察盐胁迫对桑叶中1-脱氧野尻酶素含量的影响。[方法]以黑龙江省桑树品种青龙桑为试验材料,采用不同盐浓度下对桑苗进行盐胁迫处理,利用高效液相色谱测定1-脱氧野尻酶素的含量。[结果]不同浓度的NaCl胁迫下桑树叶片的1-脱氧野尻酶素含量均高于对照,其中50 mmol/L NaCl溶液处理下桑树叶片中1-脱氧野尻酶素含量在第31天达到最大值,为1.51 mg/g;并且,在NaCl胁迫下桑树上部叶的1-脱氧野尻酶素含量大于下部叶。[结论]适当的盐浓度能有效提高桑苗叶片中1-脱氧野尻酶素的含量。     

外源水杨酸(SA)对盐胁迫下黄连种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

[目的]通过对黄连种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的研究,寻找提高黄连种子及幼苗在盐胁迫条件下抗性能力的途径。[方法]用100mmol/L的Na Cl模拟盐胁迫,在外源水杨酸(SA)处理后,对黄连种子的发芽势(Gv)、发芽率(Gr)、发芽指数(Gi)、活力指数(Vi),以及黄连幼苗叶片细胞质膜透性、O2-·产生速率、H2O2含量、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸及丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性进行测定。[结果]Na Cl胁迫下的黄连种子萌发受到显著抑制,但在经过不同浓度的SA处理后,各萌发指标均有升高。试验结果表明,外源SA处理显著提高了黄连种子发芽势、发芽率、萌发指数和活力指数,明显提高了盐胁迫下黄连幼苗叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量,不同程度地提高了叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,显著降低了叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量、质膜透性、O2-·产生速率及H2O2含量。[结论]外源SA通过提高黄连种子的萌发指数,提高渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性,降低细胞质膜氧化程度,有效地减缓Na Cl胁迫对黄连种子及幼苗产生的伤害,提高了种子及幼苗的抗盐能力。     

昌邑近50年蒸发量的变化对盐业生产的影响

采用昌邑1961～2010年气象资料,对蒸发量的年、季、月变化特征进行较全面的分析。结果表明,近50年来昌邑年际间蒸发量值的变化呈减少的趋势,下降趋势较明显;各季蒸发量均与年蒸发量的变化趋势一致,但变化幅度不同,其中春季最大,夏季最小;各季蒸发量年际、年代际振荡特征明显;其中盐业生产黄金期的蒸发量也呈现减少的趋势,进入90年代以后,下降趋势有所减缓。     

茄子耐盐碱品系筛选

采用盆栽方式,人工模拟盐碱环境,以山东省东营盐碱地区主栽茄子品种‘大红袍’为对照,对9个茄子品系在盐碱土中的植株生长、生理代谢和单株前期产量进行了测定分析,以期筛选出耐盐碱茄子品系。结果表明,在植株生长方面,各茄子品系的株幅、株高、茎粗等表现为增长,增长幅度品系间差异显著,其中茄子‘2012-91’增长最大分别为44.5 cm、15.6 cm和7.6 mm,其次是茄子‘2012-40’,高于对照,茄子‘2012-wm2’增长量最小,显著低于对照,其他品系与对照无显著差异;在生理指标方面,在渗透调节物质中,茄子‘2012-40’,茄子‘2012-91’、茄子‘2012-101’、茄子‘2012-121’和茄子‘2012-41’显著优于对照,茄子‘2012-wm2’与对照相比无显著性差异。前期产量方面,茄子‘2012-91’的单株前期产量最高为0.95 kg,显著高于对照,其次是茄子‘2012-40’为0.72 kg,其它品系与对照相比差异不显著或低于对照。综上,茄子品系‘2012-91’的耐盐碱性最强,茄子‘2012-40’次之,优于对照。     

盐胁迫对2个灌木柳无性系光响应特征的影响

以2个灌木柳无性系(盐敏感型JW9-6和耐盐型JW2372)为试验材料,在温室水培条件下研究不同质量浓度盐(0,3,6 g/L)处理3 d对其光响应特征的影响。结果表明:2个无性系的最大净光合速率、饱和光强、表观量子效率和气孔导度均随盐质量浓度的升高而逐渐降低;根据气孔导度随光照度变化趋势的研究结果,认为6 g/L盐质量浓度处理引起JW2372和JW9-6光合速率下降的原因分别是气孔因素和非气孔因素;相同盐质量浓度处理条件下JW2372光响应特征参数受影响比JW9-6小,对光照强的利用能力更高。     

Salt Stress Effects on Germination,Plant Growth and Accumulation of Metabolites in Five Leguminous Plants

The investigation was conducted to determine physiological criteria of early selection for salt tolerant leguminous plants. Plants were subjected to 5 levels of salt stress at the roots （0, 50, 100,150 and 200 mM NaCI）. Results showed that sodium chloride had an underrating effect on growth of stems and seed germination of the species studied. The germination rates of seeds of Glycine max and Phaseolus vulgaris （sensitive glyeophytes） were affected from 3 g/L of NaCl, with critical thresholds at 9 and 12 g/L respectively. In contrast, critical thresholds with Mucunapoggei （facultative halophyte）, Vigna unguiculata （moderately tolerant glycophyte） and P. adenanthus （natural halophyte） was found to be above 21 g/L. The reduction of stems growth rate were not significant in P. adenanthus whereas in M. poggei and V. unguiculata this inhibition was observed just when nutritive solutions were enriched with 200 mM. The lipid contents were reduced in all the species under salt stress, whereas proteins and proline contents in the leaves were substantially increased in tolerant species （M. poggei, P. adenanthus and V. unguiculata）. In contrast, proteins and leaf proline contents were negatively affected by salt concentration to G. max and P. vulgaris. Seed germination, proteins and proline could be used as physiological criteria of early selection for salt tolerant leguminous plants.     

外源Ca~(2+)对莲藕幼苗盐胁迫的缓解效应

以莲藕H_2(花藕品种,盐敏感)为材料,利用NaCl与Ca(NO_3)_2处理3片立叶的幼苗,研究外源Ca~(2+)对缓解植株盐胁迫的生理作用。结果显示:采用NaCl处理后,叶片中叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量和SOD活性显著降低,而细胞膜透性、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量升高;利用不同浓度的Ca~(2+)进行缓解处理,发现外源施加低浓度的Ca~(2+)后,叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量和SOD活性均显著提高,脯氨酸含量较之前升高幅度更大,而细胞膜透性和丙二醛含量后期显著降低,说明Ca~(2+)对缓解莲藕盐胁迫具有较好的效果。当Ca~(2+)浓度增加时,缓解作用不明显,甚至出现抑制效果。     

Modeling subsurface drainage for salt load management in southeastern Australia

Subsurface drainage has been implemented in irrigation areas of South-eastern Australia to control water logging and land salinisation. Subsurface drainage has been identified as a major salt exporter from irrigated areas. The water table management simulation model DRAINMOD-S was evaluated to simulate daily water table depth, drain outflow, and salt loads by using experimental field data from a two year field trial was carried out in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area South-eastern Australia to study different options for subsurface drainage system design and management to reduce salt load export. Three subsurface drainage systems were modeled, deep widely spaced pipe drains, shallow closely spaced drains and deep pipe drains that were managed with weirs to prevent flow when the water table fell below 1.2 m. The reliability of the model has been evaluated by comparing observed and simulated values. Good agreement was found between the observed and simulated values. The model confirmed the field observations that shallow drains had the lowest salt load and that by managing deep drains with weirs salt loads could be significantly reduced. This work shows the value of the DRAINMOD-S model in being able to describe various drainage design and management strategies under the semi-arid conditions of South-eastern Australia. The model can now be used to investigate design and management options in detail for different site conditions. This will assist decision makers in providing appropriate subsurface drainage management policies to meet drainage disposal constraints within integrated water resources management planning.