弱光对黄瓜幼苗光合特性及Rubisco酶的影响

为进一步探讨黄瓜耐弱光性的特性,对戴多星和津研2号2个黄瓜品种进行弱光胁迫处理(光照强度75~100μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)),以600μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)光照强度为对照,研究弱光胁迫下其生理生化指标、光合活性、荧光特性、Rubisco活性、Rubisco大小亚基蛋白含量及基因表达的变化。结果表明,弱光处理后,黄瓜气孔发育受到抑制,气孔开张度、气孔密度和气孔指数均有所降低,且津研2号表现更为明显,所有指标均降低20%以上。黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量、植株净光合速率(Pn),气孔导度(Gs),PSⅡ实际量子效率(ΦPSⅡ),Rubisco活力、Rubisco大小亚基蛋白含量及基因表达均明显降低,其中津研2号所有指标均下降30%以上。与津研2号相比,戴多星的色素含量较高,光能捕获和利用能力较强,分配于光合作用的量子产量较高,Rubisco活性、Rubisco大小亚基蛋白含量及大小亚基基因表达较高,因而Pn相对降低较少(30.9%,津研2号下降54.5%),表现出较强的耐弱光性。本研究结果为黄瓜耐弱光机理的深入研究及耐弱光黄瓜品种的选育栽培提供了参考依据。     

Differential influence of herbicide treatments on activity and kinetic parameters of C4 photosynthetic enzymes from Zea mays

The recommended field dose of rimsulfuron, imazethapyr, alachlor, atrazine or fluometuron differentially reduced shoot fresh and dry weight of 10-day-old maize seedlings as well as leaf protein content during the following 12 days. These reductions seemed consistent during the whole period with fluometuron, atrazine and alachlor but appeared to be nullified by the 5th day of treatment with rimsulfuron and imazethapyr. On the other hand, all herbicides mostly provoked significant inhibitions in specific activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC, EC 4.1.1.31), malate dehydrogenase (MDH, EC 1.1.1.82), pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK, EC 2.7.9.1) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco, EC 4.1.1.39) in leaves during the first 2 days. Thereafter, the inhibition was recovered in samples treated with rimsulfuron and imazethapyr, leveled off with alachlor but consistently augmented with atrazine and fluometuron. The kinetic characterization showed that rimsulfuron or imazethapyr unchanged V_max of all enzymes in vitro, however, V_max of PEPC, PPDK and Rubisco were decreased in vivo. Nevertheless, atrazine or fluometuron substantially reduced V_max of all enzymes while alachlor showed a reduction in this value of PEPC, MDH and Rubisco. Thus atrazine, fluometuron and, to a lower extent, alachlor reduced concentrations of all enzymes as well as rimsulfuron and imazethapyr for only Rubisco. On the contrary, K_m values of all enzymes were progressively increased by all herbicides indicating that the different herbicides altered the structural integrity of all enzymes. These findings conclude that rimsulfuron or imazethapyr competitively inhibited MDH but revealed mixed inhibition to PEPC, PPDK and Rubisco. Atrazine or fluometuron revealed mixed inhibitions to all enzymes whereas alachlor seemed to be either a competitive inhibitor to PPDK or a mixed inhibitor to PEPC, MDH and Rubisco.     

放牧干扰对内蒙古草甸草原羊草光合特性的影响

以内蒙古呼伦贝尔草甸草原放牧草地和围封草地为实验样地,通过对两种样地羊草的水分关系、气体交换、渗透调节等生理生态学特性进行测定分析,比较研究放牧干扰对羊草的光合特性的影响。结果表明,在放牧处理下,羊草对水分亏缺更加敏感,通过降低蒸腾速率、提高水分利用效率(WUE)来应对放牧干扰。羊草能够提高叶绿素含量、 改变电子流动方向、提高实际光化学量子产量(Φ_PSⅡ)活性、增强Rubisco酶活性、提高光合氮、磷利用效率(PNUE、PPUE)适应放牧干扰,利于有机物积累。放牧和围封样地羊草净光合速率日变化都呈“双峰型”,出现“午休现象”,受气孔因素和非气孔因素的共同限制。在光合能量分配上,两种样地羊草PSⅡ的最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)均出现光抑制现象,放牧样地羊草在光照较强时增加非光化学猝灭(NPQ),而在光照适宜时增加光化学猝灭(qP),将更多的能量用于光合反应中心,放牧干扰下羊草对能量的分配和利用更加迅速灵敏。因此,适宜放牧能够促进羊草的生长发育,维持草地较高的生产力,为内蒙古草甸草原生产力的恢复提供一定的理论依据。     

温室效应与植物光合作用——大气CO_2浓度升高对植物光合机理影响的分析

比较分析了植物光合同化 CO2 速率、Rubisco活性等性状对长期和短期高浓度 CO2 的反应 .结果表明 :所研究的植物在高浓度 CO2 下生长 ,可以长期保持高的 CO2 同化速率 ;长期在高浓度 CO2 下生长植物的光合速率增加有两个来源 ,其一 ,是 CO2 浓度增加而增加的底物浓度效应 (Δ Pc) ,它的大小随外界短期 CO2 浓度改变而改变 ,其二 ,是植物光合系统结构改变而提高光合能量转换或是电子传递效率所产生的光合速率增加 (ΔPs) ,它的大小不随外界短期 CO2 浓度变化而改变。植物光合速率对大气 CO2 浓度升高的增加量是上述两者之和     

水稻辐射白色转绿突变系转绿过程中光合特性研究

 对水稻转绿型白化突变系W25和亲本2177S进行了研究。白化期叶绿素和蛋白质含量很低,随叶片转绿,叶绿素含量增加,转绿第30天达到亲本的水平。在转绿过程中,蛋白质含量和Rubisco含量也显著提高。突变系W25叶片内的Rubisco含量和活性在转绿30 d后超过亲本,光合速率在转绿18 d后接近亲本。     

水稻Rubisco活化酶的提取和纯化

利用３５％饱和硫酸铵分部沉淀、ＤＥＡＥ－ｃｅｌｌｕｌｏｓｅ和ＭｏｎｏＱ柱层析等步骤从水稻叶片纯化了 Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活化酶。 ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ电泳显示水稻Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活化酶由４５ｋＤ和４１ ｋＤ两个亚基组成。 ＡＴＰ是该 酶活化Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ的必需成份。     

水稻生理生化特性对氮肥的反应及与氮利用效率的关系

选用水稻氮高效基因型IR72和9311及氮低效基因型Lemont和PECOS,采用土培方法,在5个施氮量（0、0.51、1.02、1.53、2.04 g N 钵^-1,分别相当于0、75、150、225、300 kg N hm^-2）处理下,研究了生理生化特性对氮肥的反应及与氮效率的关系。结果表明,在幼穗分化期,氮高效基因型水稻的可溶性蛋白含量相对低,而谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性高;不同氮效率基因型间1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubisco)含量的差异不大;两种氮效率基因型间的净光合速率（P_n）在幼穗分化期差异不明显。而在齐穗期,氮低效基因型的P_n比高效基因型的低28.66%左右;氮低效基因型在两个时期的单位叶绿素光合速率（P_n/Chl）比氮高效基因型分别低18.51%和29.67%左右。在成熟期,氮高效基因型干物质积累能力强,籽粒产量高。这些结果说明氮效率不同的基因型对氮肥的生理反应差异大。相关性分析表明,低氮水平时(0~1.53 g N 钵^-1), GS酶活性与收获时生物量呈显著或极显著正相关;氮肥偏生产力（PFP）、氮肥农学利用率（AE）及氮素生理利用率（NUEb）分别与GS活性、P_n/Chl和齐穗期的Pn呈显著正相关,而与可溶性蛋白含量、Rubisco含量显著负相关;氮肥吸收效率（RE）与这些生理指标没有显著相关。结果表明水稻光合特征及氮代谢与水稻氮效率间存在紧密的关系,GS活性和可溶性蛋白含量对评价水稻氮肥利用率具有重要的参考价值。     

水稻T-DNA插入突变体库中Rubisco抗氧化胁迫株系的筛选

以水稻(Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica)品种“中花11”构建的T-DNA插入突变体库为材料,用甲基紫精诱导叶绿体产生活性氧,通过SDS-PAGE电泳分析Rubisco含量相对于野生型的变化,筛选耐氧化胁迫的株系。结果表明,与对照相比,突变体材料各个株系叶片中的Rubisco小亚基的相对含量有较大差异,说明这种筛选Rubisco突变体的方法是可行的,且从中找到了两株Rubisco耐氧化胁迫的株系。     

Effects of potassium deficiency on photosynthesis and photoprotection mechanisms in soybean(Glycine max(L.)Merr.)

Potassium is an important nutrient element requiring high concentration for photosynthetic metabolism.The potassium deficiency in soil could inhibit soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.) photosynthesis and result in yield reduction.Research on the photosynthetic variations of the different tolerant soyben varieties should provide important information for high yield tolerant soybean breeding program.Two representative soybean varieties Tiefeng 40(tolerance to K~+ deficiency) and GD8521(sensitive to K~+ deficiency) were hydroponically grown to measure the photosynthesis,chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and Rubisco activity under different potassium conditions.With the K-deficiency stress time extending,the net photosynthetic rate(P_n),transpiration rate(T_r) and stomatal conductance(G_s) of GD8521 were significantly decreased under K-deficiency condition,whereas the intercellular CO_2 concentration(C_i) was significantly increased.As a contrast,the variations of Tiefeng 40 were almost little under K-deficiency condition,which indicated tolerance to K~+ deficiency variety could maintain higher efficient photosynthesis.On the 25 th d after treatment,the minimal fluorescence(F_0) of GD8521 was significantly increased and the maximal fluorescence(F_m),the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry(F√F_m),actual photochemical efficiency of PSII(φ_(PSII)),photochemical quenching(q_p),and electron transport rate of PSII(ETR)were significantly decreased under K~+ deficiency condition.In addition,the Rubisco content of GD8521 was significantly decreased in leaves.It is particularly noteworthy that the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and Rubisco content of Tiefeng 40 were unaffected under K~+ deficiency condition.On the other hand,the non-photochemical quenching(q_N) of Tiefeng 40 was significantly increased.The dry matter weight of Tiefeng 40 was little affected under K~+ deficiency condition.Results indicated that Tiefeng 40 could avoid or relieve the destruction of PSII caused by exceeded absorbed solar energy under K-deficiency condition and maintain natural photosynthesis and plant growth.It was an essential physiological mechanism for low-K-tolerant soybean under K-deficiency stress.