The effect of short day treatments on containerized Douglas-fir morphology,physiology and phenology

The effect of short day treatments (blackout) on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) container seedlings at the time of lift and following cold storage was investigated. Variables measured included height, root collar diameter (RCD), root growth capacity (RGC), photosynthetic efficiency after –18 °C freezing (PEF), and days to terminal bud break (DBB). From one to four blackout dormancy induction treatments were started on three dates (July 12, July 26, and August 10) with 10 or 20 d between multiple blackouts. Increasing the number of blackout treatments resulted in lower RCD, lower DBB in the late winter/early spring, and higher PEF in the early fall. Later blackout start dates decreased PEF in the early fall, and increased overall height and late fall RGC as compared to earlier blackout start dates. Nurseries growing Douglas-fir seedlings from coastal Pacific Northwest provenances should be aware that blackout regimes can decrease RGC in the late fall, and cause quicker dormancy release in the early spring. Coastal Douglas-fir can be lifted and planted in the early fall, when RGC and DBB are relatively high. If planting between February and April is necessary, seedlings given blackout should be cold stored in January to maintain an adequate level of dormancy, RGC and PEF.     

Root growth enhancement by rhizospheric aluminum treatment in Quercus serrata Thunb. seedlings

This article discusses the effect of aluminum on root growth of Querucus serrata Thunb. In a 9-week hydroponics experiment, the effects of various concentrations (0 to 5.0 mM) of Al on root growth were examined. Results revealed that root biomass increases with the increase in Al concentration up to 2.5 mM, and then it tended to decrease. In the next experiment, the effects of H⁺ and Al³⁺ on roots were compared in a 4-week hydroponics experiment using three treatment solutions: control (pH 6.0), −Al (without Al, pH 3.5), and +Al (with 2.5 mM Al, pH 3.5). No clear difference in the biomass and root length between the control and −Al treated roots was observed, and root and shoot biomass were increased by Al treatment. These results confirmed that the H⁺ concentration level, at a pH of 3.5, is not toxic for Q. serrata and the Al-induced increase in root biomass is not caused by the amelioration of H⁺ toxicity by Al. In the third experiment, roots were exposed to an Al solution (pH 3.6) intermittently. This treatment clarified that Al stimulated rooting and root elongation. In the fourth experiment, the effect of 1 mM Al on root growth during a 15-month period in a sand culture were examined. This experiment confirmed that Al stimulated good growth and development of root systems at appropriate concentrations. Therefore, it is considered that Al-induced root growth enhancement occurs as a long-term and short-term phenomenon.     

Morphological plasticity of cotton roots in response to interspecific competition with pecan in an alleycropping system in the southern United States

A study was conducted in northwest Florida, USA, to investigate root development and morphology of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch) trees in an alleycropping experiment. Root:shoot ratio, root biomass, total root length and root length density were examined under three treatments: (1) barrier (separating belowground interspecific competition by trenching to a depth of 120 cm and installing polyethylene barrier), (2) non-barrier (root systems were free to interact), and (3) monoculture of cotton (without above and belowground interspecific competition with trees). Results indicated that plants in the barrier and non-barrier treatments had lower root:shoot ratios compared to the monoculture treatment. Belowground competition for resources between pecan and cotton in the non-barrier treatment resulted in 25 and 33% reduction of total root length (359 cm) when compared to that of the barrier (477 cm) and monoculture (539 cm) treatments, respectively. The non-barrier plants also exhibited the lowest root length density. Specific root length was highest for the monoculture (179 cm g⁻¹) and lowest for the non-barrier treatment (146 cm g⁻¹) with the barrier treatment being intermediate (165 cm g⁻¹). Interspecific competition with pecan significantly altered root development and morphology of cotton plants. Research in agroforestry should take into account the developmental differences in root systems of the associated crop species so that better models incorporating nutrient and water uptake can be developed.     

杉木、马尾松裸根苗水分关系研究

Water relation parameters of bare-root seedlings of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook.)and Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.)were measured and changes of root growth potential as well as field survival rate of both species were studied after the bare-root seedlings were exposed in a sunny field condition.the results showed that masson pine had a lower osmotic potential(-2.07Mpa) at turgor loss point and at full turgor(-1.29Mpa),compared with Chinese fir(-1.80Mpa and -1.08Mpa respectively).The parameter Vp/Vo(63.27%) of Masson pine was higher than that of chinese fir (58.03%).This means that Masson pine has a stronger ability to tolerate desiccation,compared to Chinese fir according to analysis of above water relation parameters.Root growth potential and field survival rate decreased with prolonging duration of exposure.The field survival rate of both species was reduced to less than 40% after the seedling being exposed only two hours.Water potentials of -1.60 Mpa and -1.70 Mpa were suggested to be critical values for Chinese fir and Masson pine respectively in successful reforestation.     

杉檫混交根系效应的研究

In this paper,the root system and their associated effect of mixed forest of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Sassafras tsumu at eight-year-old were investigated and analyzed.The results showed that Sassafras tsumu might play a important role in improving the root system of Cunninghamia lanceolata growth due to the single root weight of Cunninghamia lanceolata in mixed forest of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Sassafras tsumu was evidently more than that of Cunninghamia lanceolata in pure forest,and that there were different mixed effects in mixed forest of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Sassafra tsumu in different slope situation,which meant that the associated effect was better in higher slope situation than in lower slope situation,and which reflected in the effect of Sassafra tsumu to the height and D.B.H.growth of Cunninghamia lanceolata.This Study indicated that the associated effect was positively related to the effect of roots system.     

腐植酸碱性液体肥对香蕉生长的影响及机制

目的 探究腐植酸碱性肥料对香蕉生长的影响及促生机制,为腐植酸碱性肥料的研制与推广应用提供理论依据。方法 采用盆栽试验,研究腐植酸碱性肥料对香蕉生物量、土壤微生物、酶活性、根系活力和土壤氮磷养分含量的影响。结果 与常规复合肥和无腐植酸碱性液体肥料相比,腐植酸碱性肥料有利于促进香蕉生长,明显增加香蕉生物量、根系活力、土壤脲酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性、土壤矿质氮含量、有效磷含量以及细菌、真菌和放线菌数量。香蕉叶面积增加了50~100 cm²,生物量增加了10%~21%,香蕉根系活力增加了89%~188%,土壤脲酶活性增加了25%~91%,酸性磷酸酶活性增加了2.4~3.5倍。腐植酸碱性液体肥处理的土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量分别是常规肥料的1.6~14.4、1.7~26.7和2.3~3.8倍,分别是无腐植酸碱性肥的3.0~10.6、3.9~56.0和1.2~2.0倍。结论 施用腐植酸碱性液体肥能明显促进香蕉生长,其机制在于：一方面,肥料的碱性改良了土壤酸性环境而有利于土壤微生物多样性;另一方面,肥料的腐植酸增加了土壤的脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,改善了土壤的氮、磷营养状况,进而增加土壤肥力。因此,施用腐植酸碱性液体肥料是为香蕉提供养分和提高土壤肥力的有效措施。     

黄土旱区土壤C/N调控对谷子根系形态及产量的影响

为明确土壤C、N配施调控旱地谷子根系形态构建及产量形成的关联机制,研究以晋谷21谷子品种为试验材料,采用大田试验（处理小区面积30 m²）,设置不同C/N调控处理：CK（N 21.7 kg/hm²);A（N 21.7 kg/hm², C 6.7 kg/hm²）;B（N 32.7 kg/hm², C 6.7 kg/hm²）;C（N 43.3 kg/hm², C 6.7 kg/hm²）;D（N 54.3 kg/hm², C 6.7 kg/hm²）,N为含量为46%的尿素,C为玉米秸秆生物炭,系统调查了谷子根系形态指标体系和产量构成因子的变化规律。试验结果表明：①土壤CN合理配施可以有效增加谷子的产量,增产效果以处理C最为显著,较CK 处理显著增加44.9%;②同等生物炭施用水平下,充足或过量的N会抑制根系伸长下扎,但有助于根系的横向生长和体积膨大,处理B对根系总长、总表面积、总体积都有显著的促进作用,分别提升4.75%、13.92%、17.02%。③同等生物炭施用水平下,增施氮肥会减少土壤含水量,其中B处理较CK处理土壤水分含量显著降低4.2%;④增加氮素的施用可以有效促进谷子在抽穗期和灌浆期的根系生长发育,促进根系干物质的积累,与CK处理相比,A、B、C三个处理抽穗期和灌浆期谷子根系的干物质都显著性增加,增幅分别为28.13%、35.93%和24.75%,灌浆期增幅分别为36.83%、46.35%、49.52%;⑤配施生物炭可有效调控土壤电导率和土壤温度随作物生育期和气候环境的变化而变化,与CK相比,B处理显著降低土壤电导率19.5%,D处理显著提升了3%的土壤温度,对根系形态发育和功能发挥具有显著影响。综上所述,合理的CN配施调控可以通过改善土壤水肥环境,优化根系空间分布格局和功能,实现谷子产量和水分利用效率同步提升。     

陕西榆林山药根腐病病原菌的分离与鉴定

旨在明确引起陕西省榆林市山药根腐病的致病菌,为该地区山药根腐病的防治提供参考。以受害山药块茎和根际土壤为试验材料,通过组织分离法获得纯培养,结合柯赫氏法则、形态学鉴定、ITS区序列分子生物学鉴定,以及构建系统发育树和序列比对的方法,明确山药根腐病的致病菌。结果表明,引起陕西榆林山药根腐病的病原菌为棕黑腐质霉、燕麦镰孢和尖孢镰孢。陕西榆林山药根腐病由腐质霉属和镰孢属两个属的3种病原菌引起,棕黑腐质霉是首次报道危害山药,镰孢属真菌是该地区山药根腐病的主要致病菌。     

甘肃党参根腐病防治新技术栽培密度研究

2019年,作者在研究了甘肃党参根腐病病原菌以及取得了良好防治效果的基础上,为了减少种植成本增加收入,进行了党参栽培密度研究。结果表明:不同密度对党参鲜单根重有着显著影响,鲜单根重随密度不断增加而减小,密度22.2万～55.6万株·hm^-2之间差异不显著,且均与密度111.1万株·hm^-2之间差异达显著水平;不同密度对党参鲜产量有着显著影响,总体趋势为鲜产量随密度不断增加而先增大后减小,密度 {55.6 }万株·hm^-2鲜产量最高,鲜产量为8 944.55 kg·hm^-2,且达极显著水平;不同密度之间党参根长、根粗、折干率差异不显著。甘肃党参根腐病防治新技术最佳栽培密度为55.6万 {株· }hm^-2。     

控释氮肥施用策略对稻茬小麦产量和氮肥吸收利用的影响

为探究控释氮肥施用策略对稻茬小麦产量和氮肥吸收利用的影响,在大田条件下,以小麦品种扬麦16和扬麦20为材料,设置不施氮（T1）、常规速效氮肥分次施用（T2,对照）、常规控释氮肥一次性基施（T3）、速效氮肥减量分次施用（T4）、控释氮肥减量一次性基施（T5）、控释+速效氮肥一次性基施（T6）、控释+速效氮肥配合分次施用（T7）共7种氮肥处理,比较分析了不同处理下稻茬小麦产量、叶面积指数（LAI）、叶绿素相对值（SPAD值）、干物质积累量、氮素积累量、根系吸收面积和根系氧化力等性状的差异。结果表明,两个品种的产量均表现为T6>T7>T3>T5>T2>T4>T1。与T2处理相比,两个品种的平均产量在T3、T6和T7处理下分别增加17.9%、30.3%和25.1%,平均氮肥农学效率（AE）分别增加40.0%、84.8%和72.4%,平均氮肥偏生产力（PFP）分别增加22.2%、52.3%和45.6%。与单一施用速效氮肥（T2、T4）或控释氮肥（T3、T5）处理相比,在控释氮肥与速效氮肥配施（T6、T7）处理下两个品种的地上部农艺性状（干物质积累量、LAI和SPAD值）显著改善,氮素积累量、根干重、根冠比、根系氧化力、根系总吸收表面积和活跃吸收表面积均显著增加。因此,控释氮肥配施速效氮肥策略可以同步促进稻茬小麦地上部与地下部生长,最终实现高产与氮肥高效吸收利用。