太行山前平原高产农区土壤水分特征及农田节水潜力

根据连续4年对非耕地和田间土壤水分的测定，分析了太行山前平原高产农区土壤水分的变化规律，并根据该区主要作物冬小麦和夏玉米的需水规律，提出了农田节水潜力的两个方面。     

Comparison of modeling approaches to quantify residue architecture effects on soil temperature and water

RZ-SHAW is a hybrid model, comprised of modules from the Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model integrated into the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) that allows more detailed simulation of different residue types and architectures that affect heat and water transfer at the soil surface. RZ-SHAW allows different methods of surface energy flux evaluation to be used: (1) the SHAW module, where evapotranspiration (ET) and soil heat flux are computed in concert with a detailed surface energy balance; (2) the Shuttleworth–Wallace (S–W) module for ET in which soil surface temperature is assumed equal air temperature; and (3) the PENFLUX module, which uses a Penman transformation for a soil slab under incomplete residue cover. The objective of this study was to compare the predictive accuracy of the three RZ-SHAW modules to simulate effects of residue architecture on net radiation, soil temperature, and water dynamics near the soil surface. The model was tested in Akron, Colorado in a wheat residue-covered (both standing and flat) no-till (NT) plot, and a reduced till (RT) plot where wheat residue was incorporated into the soil. Temperature difference between the soil surface and ambient air frequently exceeded 17 °C under RT and NT conditions, invalidating the isothermal assumption employed in the S–W module. The S–W module overestimated net radiation (R_n) by an average of 69 Wm⁻² and underestimated the 3-cm soil temperature (T_s3) by 2.7 °C for the RT plot, attributed to consequences of the isothermal assumption. Both SHAW and PENFLUX modules overestimated midday T_s3 for RT conditions but underestimated T_s3 for NT conditions. Better performances of the SHAW and PENFLUX surface energy evaluations are to be expected as both approaches are more detailed and consider a more discretized domain than the S–W module. PENFLUX simulated net radiation slightly better than the SHAW module for both plots, while T_s3 was simulated the best by SHAW, with a mean bias error of +0.1 °C for NT and +2.7 °C for RT. Simulation results for soil water content in the surface 30 cm (θ_v30) were mixed. The NT conditions were simulated best by SHAW, with mean bias error for θ_v30 within 0.006 m³ m⁻³; RT conditions were simulated best by the PENFLUX module, which was within 0.010 m³ m⁻³.     

Impact of elevated CO2 on mycorrhizal associations and implications for plant growth

The impact of increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO₂ upon plant physiology has been widely investigated. Plant, and in particular root, growth is nearly always enhanced as a direct consequence of CO₂ enrichment, with C₃ species generally more responsive than C₄ species. Such alterations in plant productivity will have consequence for below-ground processes and increased carbon allocation to the roots may favour symbiotic relationships. This paper discusses the current information available for the consequences of these changes upon mycorrhizal relationships. Generally mycorrhizal plants grown under CO₂ enrichment show enhanced phosphorus uptake but nitrogen uptake is unaffected. This increased nutrient uptake is not correlated with increased mycorrhizal colonization of the roots. Similarly root exudation does not increase under CO₂ enrichment but qualitative differences have yet to be assessed. However, it is predicted that total rhizodeposition of materials will increase as will litter inputs, although mineral and biochemical alterations to these plant derived inputs may occur. The consequences of such changes within the rhizosphere are discussed and future research     

Effect of Azospirillum brasilense inoculation on root morphology and respiration in tomato seedlings

Summary The level of Azospirillum brasilense strain Cd colonization in the rhizosphere of some vegetables was 10⁴–10⁵ colony-forming units (CFU) per root of one plant in 2-week-old plants inoculated with 5 × 10⁸ Azospirillum cells. Significant increases in root length (35%) and in top (90%) and root (50%) dry weight and total leaf area (90%) were observed in 18-day-old inoculated tomato plants compared with non-inoculated controls. An inoculum concentration of 1 × 10⁸ to 5 × 10⁸ CFU/ml stimulated the appearance of root hairs. Large numbers of bacteria (1 × 10⁹ CFU/ml) caused asymmetrical growth of the root tip. In a petri dish system, Azospirillum (1 × 10⁸ CFU/ml) increased root dry weight (150%), protein content (20%), respiration rate per root (70%) and the specific activity of malate dehydrogenase (45%–65%) over non-inoculated controls. The specific respiration rate, expressed as micromol of O₂ per minute per milligram of dry weight of roots, was significantly lower in inoculated roots, suggesting that less energy was spent for accumulation of more dry material.     

Infection of valuable broadleaf hardwood trees by Glomus mosseae: growth and mineral nutrition

In the past century, the excessive exploitation of the environment by human beings has resulted in the depletion of valuable broadleaf hardwood trees in Italian forests, creating a need for re-forestation. The aim of this research was to verify whether a vescicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus is able to colonise the root of valuable hardwood trees and to evaluate the impact of the VAM fungus on growth and macroelement nutrition of its plant hosts.Four species of valuable broadleaf hardwood trees, Prunus avium L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Acer pseudoplatanus L., and Juglans nigra L., were inoculated with Glomus mosseae, a VAM fungus, and cultivated in a greenhouse. Infection after inoculation and root colonization by the fungus, tree growth, and macro-element nutrition were evaluated two-years after inoculation. G. mosseae formed mycorrhizae on all plants. However, different morphological aspects - predominantly the formation of Arum type arbuscles in P. avium and F. excelsior - were observed. A general improvement of macro-element nutrition from species to species characterised an enhanced growth of mycorrhizal plants. Therefore, it is plausible that the association of VAMs with these broadleaf trees, could overcome the difficulties encountered in the transplanting and the slow growth typical of these tree species.Although numerous articles have reported the beneficial effects of ectomycorrhizal fungi on trees, there is a sparse literature on the association of VAM with tree species. Therefore, this study contributes to the understanding of the role of the symbiosis between valuable broadleaf trees and VAM fungi in macroelement nutrition.     

Use of soil solarization to control root rots in gerberas (Gerbera jamesonii)

Summary An investigation was conducted during the summer months of 1986–1987 and 1987–1988 in Western Australia to evaluate the effect of soil solarization on the control of root rot of gerbera an also on the microbial and nutrient status of the soil. Infested soil cores were sampled from a site where root-rot was a severe problem and were removed to a non-infested site where they were subjected to soil solarization or fumigation. Soil solarization resulted in reduced root rot (root disease index 28.6%) in comparison to the untreated control (52.0%) 8 months after planting. Plants in the fumigated plots had 15.8% less disease than those in solarized plots. Solarization increased the total numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes, and the proportion of bacteria and fungi antogonistic to Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani and Rhizoctonia solani. The proportion of actinomycetes antagonistic to these fungi, however, did not differ between solarized and control soil treatments. There was a significant reduction in disease in plants grown in infested fumigated soil to which a 10% concentration of solarized soil had been added, suggesting the development of microbial suppression in solarized soil. Phytophthora cryptogea was eradicated to 30 cm by solarization as well as by fumigation. Solarization eliminated R. solani but not F. oxysporum to a soil depth of 10 cm. Solarization increased the levels of NO _n3 ^– -N and NH₄ ⁺-N in soil, but did not affect the concentrations of PO₄ ^3–, K⁺, Fe²⁺, organic C and pH. Yield (as number of flowers per plant) was increased by soil solarization and by fumigation.Increased yields and decreased disease severity in the solarized plots could have been caused by (1) a reduction in the infectivity of the infested soils, (2) an increase in the suppressiveness of the soil, and (3) an increased available of plant nutrients.     

Effects of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and two plant-parasitic nematodes on<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Musa</Emphasis> genotypes differing in root morphology

In this study, the effect of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and two migratory endoparasitic nematodes on Musa plant growth, including the root system, were examined. In addition, the AMF-nematode interaction was studied. Seven Musa genotypes with different root systems were selected. Based on their relative mycorrhizal dependency, two genotypes (Calcutta 4 and Obino l'Ewai) were selected for AMF-nematode interaction studies. The experiments were performed under greenhouse conditions. Mycorrhization with Glomus mosseae resulted in a significantly better plant growth even in the presence of nematodes. The effect of AMF on the root system was genotype-dependent and seemed to be related to the relative mycorrhizal dependency of the genotype. The nematodes also affected the root system, decreasing branching. Nematode population densities were significantly reduced in the presence of AMF, except for Pratylenchus coffeae in Obino l'Ewai. In the root system, it appeared that the decreased branching caused by the nematodes was counterbalanced by the increased branching caused by the AMF.     

基于遗传算法的人工神经网络模型在冬小麦根系吸水模型中的应用

基于土壤水分与冠部数据,应用遗传算法优化人工神经网络模型的权值,将获得的冬小麦根长密度分布应用于根系吸水模型中,并进行了水分数值模拟,水分模拟效果整体较好,表明应用该方法可以为根系吸水模型提供准确的根系参数,并且较为方便,这对于根系吸水模型的建立及应用有着重要的意义。     

高产栽培条件下种植方式对超级稻根系形态生理特征的影响

为探明高产栽培条件下不同种植方式对超级稻根系形态生理特征的影响,以超级稻品种淮稻9号和徐稻3号为材料,对旱育中苗壮秧精量手栽、小苗机插、直播3种种植方式水稻的根系形态生理特征进行了比较研究。结果表明：(1)不同种植方式超级稻产量差异极显著,与手栽相比,机插和直播分别减产5.05%和13.68%。(2)群体根数,直播>机插>手栽,但随生育进程差异越来越小,总根长拔节期直播>机插>手栽,抽穗期和成熟期,机插>手栽>直播;单茎根数不同种植方式间差异较小,总根长手栽>机插>直播,不同方式间差异大都达到显著水平;每条根长手栽和机插间差异不显著,均显著高于直播,根直径手栽>机插>直播,不同方式间差异显著。(3)群体根系干重拔节期机插和直播间差异不显著,均极显著高于手栽,抽穗期不同方式间差异均不显著,成熟期手栽>机插>直播,不同方式间差异极显著,抽穗后根系干重衰减率直播>机插>手栽,不同方式间差异显著;单茎根系干重拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期均手栽>机插>直播,不同方式间差异大都达到极显著水平,抽穗后根系干重衰减率直播与机插间差异不显著,均显著高于手栽;地上部干重手栽、机插、直播依次减小,根冠比则依次增大。(4)与手栽相比,机插和直播根系主要分布在0~10 cm的土层内,特别是直播,65%的根系分布在0~5 cm的土层内;0~5 cm土层根系干重占根系总干重的比例手栽、机插、直播依次增大,5~10 cm、10~15 cm和15 cm以下均依次减小。(5)群体根系吸收面积拔节期差异不显著,抽穗期手栽>机插>直播,不同方式间差异极显著,成熟期手栽和机插间差异不显著,均极显著高于直播;单茎根系吸收面积拔节期和成熟期手栽与机插间差异不显著,均极显著高于直播,抽穗期手栽>机插>直播,不同方式间差异极显著。(6)抽穗后群体根系伤流强度手栽、机插、直播依次增大,单茎根系伤流强度则依次减小。说明不同种植方式对超级稻的根系形态生理特征有明显影响,每条根长和根直径的不同以及根系在土层中的分布不同是不同种植方式水稻根系性状的两个显著特征。与手栽和机插相比,直播根系分布浅,每条根长和根直径小,群体根数多,但单茎根系总长短,根系干重低,吸收面积和抽穗后伤流强度小;机插与手栽相比,根直径小,根系分布浅,抽穗后群体和单茎根系干重低、下降快,单茎根系总长和伤流强度小。     

不同因素对甘薯根系发育的影响

选用3个不同基因型的甘薯品种,采用正交试验设计,研究了百苗重和施肥量对甘薯块根的形成,特别是甘薯块根结薯个数的影响。结果表明,品种、百苗重及施肥量对甘薯根系发育有显著影响,南薯88在百苗重为4.0kg和不施肥条件下其根系重量和块根数量显著优于其他水平,同时南薯88根系数量最高。