Growth of the mycoparasitic fungus Verticillium biguttatum from different geographical origins at near-minimum temperatures

Sclerotia ofRhizoctonia solani collected from potato tubers from different countries were assayed for the presence of mycoparasites. Among the mycoparasites observedVerticillium biguttatum predominated. Its geographical distribution was not restricted to certain latitudes or soil types;V. biguttatum occurred worldwide in potato fields.The minimum growth temperature of 57V. biguttatum isolates was found to be in the narrow range from 10 to 13°C, irrespective of their geographical origin. A non-linear logistic growth model was used to describe the radial growth onRhizoctonia mycelium and nutrient agar plates. At near-minimum temperature the maximum colony radii varied considerably; they were up to 3.8 times that of the reference isolate M73. Based on parameter values for logistic growth, fast-and slow-growing isolates could be distinguished. Although the growth properties ofV. biguttatum isolates from different locations varied, the presence of fast- and slow-growing isolates was not restricted to particular areas and both types could be found in the same field. However, bioassays with selected fast- and slow-growing isolates do not support the assumption that growth at near-minimum temperatures is a relevant criterion for screening isolates ofV. biguttatum in terms of effectiveness for biological control ofR. solani.     

温度对玉米纹枯病菌生长与发病的影响

室内控制性测定结果表明,玉米纹枯病菌(RhizoctoniasolaniAG1鄄IA)菌丝生长的温度10～35℃,最适温度25～30℃;菌核萌发温度18～35℃,最适温度25～30℃。在幼苗和离体叶鞘上由菌丝引起侵染和发病的温度15～35℃,以25～30℃最适宜,潜育期最短,病斑较大。田间分期播种观察分析,气温和地面温度与病害始见的历期(播种期至病害初见期)分别呈显著负相关和极显著负相关。在田间自然条件下,始病的温度为20℃左右。这些结果为了解玉米纹枯病的发生规律,开展预测预报提供了科学依据。     

A Greenhouse Test for Screening Sugar Beet (Beta Vulgaris) for Resistance to Rhizoctonia Solani

Rhizoctonia solani Kühn is a serious plant pathogenic fungus, causing various types of damage to sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). In Europe, the disease is spreading and becoming a threat for the growing of this crop. Plant resistance seems to be the most practical and economical way to control the disease. Experiments were carried out to optimise a greenhouse procedure to screen plants of sugar beet for resistance to R. solani. In the first experiment, two susceptible accessions were evaluated for root and leaf symptoms, after being grown in seven different soil mixtures and inoculated with R. solani. The fungus infected all plants. It was concluded that leaf symptoms were not reliable for the rating of disease severity. Statistically significant differences between the soil mixtures were observed, and there were no significant differences between the two accessions. The two soil mixtures, showing the most severe disease symptoms, were selected for a second experiment, including both resistant and susceptible accessions. As in the first experiment, root symptoms were recorded using a 1–7 scale, and a significant expression of resistance was observed. The average severity of the disease in the greenhouse experiment generally was comparable with the infection in field experiments, and the ranking of the accessions was the same in the two types of experiments. It was concluded that evaluation procedures in the greenhouse could be used as a rapid assay to screen sugar beet plants for resistance to R. solani.     

杀菌剂银泰防治小麦纹枯病研究

采用室内离体平皿法和田间小区试验测定了植物源农用杀菌剂银泰 (有效成分 :4 -丁酰基苯酚 )对小麦纹枯病菌 Rhizoctonia cerealis生长的抑制作用和对该病害的防治效果。结果表明 ,20%银泰乳油在 0～ 100μg/mL范围内随着浓度提高对小麦纹枯病菌的抑制作用增强 ,其 EC50 和 EC95分别为 36.11和 97.66μg/L;EC95明显小于对照药剂井冈霉素的检测数值 (327.6 4μg/L )。20%银泰乳油 200、400和 800mg/L防治小麦纹枯病的效果分别为 85.8%、89.3%和 92.3% ,与对照药剂甲基硫菌灵 400mg/L的防效 (87.0% )相当。     

Biocontrol ofRhizoctonia damping-off of cucumber by non-pathogenic binucleateRhizoctonia

Three isolates of binucleateRhizoctonia (BNR) were tested for biological control of damping-off of cucumber seedlings caused byRhizoctonia solani AG 2-2 and AG 4. BNR isolates L2 (AG Ba) and W1 and W7 (AG A) provided protection of 58 to 71% against virulent isolate C4 of AG 4 and 64 to 75% protection against virulent isolate RH 65 of AG 2-2. Varying protection was provided to the seedlings by the BNR isolates against the virulentR. solani from the two AGs depending on their combination. The BNR isolates did not vary in providing protection to the seedling when tested against virulent C4 when both isolates were inoculated using three different methods,viz. in water agar, combination of water agar and soil and using soil alone. Protection of 58 to 71 % was provided by the isolates when inoculation was done on the hypocotyl using water agar, 62.8 to 75% using the combination of water agar and soil, and 75 to 85% when inoculation of both isolates was done in soil. Pre-incubation of BNR W7 or delayed inoculation of C4 (from 0.5 day to longer duration) using the different methods provided an increased protection to the seedlings to give complete inhibition of damping-off disease. Simultaneous inoculation of both BNR W7 and C4 using the three methods failed to provide protection to the seedlings. Among the BNR isolates, BNR W7 showed plant growth promotion in terms of significant increase in plant height (P=0.01) and fresh weight (P=0.05).     

立枯丝核菌侵染玉米的研究

 用获自水稻及玉米的立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani Khn) AG-11A接种玉米发生典型纹枯症状,其致病力显著强于AG-4。玉米拔节期,上位叶鞘抗性较强,抽雄及抽丝期抗性减弱,下位叶鞘无论在拔节期或抽雄、抽丝期,均较上位叶鞘感病。接种玉米后8小时,形成侵染垫及附着胞,从这些结构上形成侵入钉侵入,AG-4侵染上位叶鞘时,常以菌丝直接穿透表皮或从气孔侵入。在去掉菌体的叶鞘表面,发现有周边光滑或稍破损的侵入孔。接种后12小时,在叶鞘细胞中发现菌丝,它们在穿过细胞壁进入邻近细胞时,明显变细。接种后16小时,新生出的菌丝从气孔成丛出现。     

A 9-year monitoring study of diseases on potato seed tubers imported to Israel

Potato seed tubers are imported annually to Israel from northern Europe. Although the seed is registered as certified, a survey carried out over a 9-year period indicated that most lots were affected by latent or active bacterial and fungal infections. Latent infection byErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica, the causal agent of blackleg, at a level of 10³ cells/g peel, was present in 30% of the lots in most years. Black scurf caused byRhizoctonia solani was present in 20–70% of the imported lots, with a moderate to high level of infection in all years except 1985. In contrast, although many lots were affected by powdery scab, common scab, and Fusarium dry rot in most years, disease incidence within lots was generally low. The gangrene pathogen (Phoma exigua) was rarely detected. The survey findings are of marked importance, due to the extensive use of soil fumigation in Israeli agriculture.     

不同杀菌剂对草坪草病原菌毒力的作用测定

采用生长速率法测定了不同杀菌剂对3种主要引起坪草病害的褐斑病菌、腐霉枯萎菌、夏季斑枯病菌的毒力。结果表明,烯唑醇、甲基硫菌灵、代森锰锌、咪鲜胺对立枯丝核菌的EC50值分别为0.078 3,5.968 4,7.181 2和11.386 8 mg/L,以烯唑醇对立枯丝核菌的毒力最高。烯唑醇、咪鲜胺、代森锰锌、甲基硫菌灵对夏季斑枯病菌的EC50值分别为0.016 2,0.554 4,6.035 3,1 218.497 8 mg/L,以烯唑醇抑菌效果显著优于其它3种杀菌剂。采用菌丝干重测定法测定了阿米西达、霜脲氰、霜克、咪鲜胺、代森锰锌对腐霉枯萎病菌的毒力,其EC50值依次为0.053 3,7.837 4,13.310 7,19.715 1,29.771 5 mg/L,以阿米西达的抑菌效果最好。     

邻烯丙基苯酚对植物病原真菌抑制机理初探

用含毒介质培养法测定了邻烯丙基苯酚(银果)对番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea、苹果腐烂病菌Valsa mali和小麦纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia cerealis的影响。通过培养观察发现,邻烯丙基苯酚可抑制番茄灰霉病菌分生孢子的产生、促进灰霉病菌菌核的形成及苹果腐烂病菌子囊壳的形成。光学显微观察表明:用50μg/mL的邻烯丙基苯酚处理番茄灰霉病菌菌丝后,菌丝伸长缓慢,分支间距缩短,分生孢子形成受到抑制。电镜观察表明:经邻烯丙基苯酚处理后,番茄灰霉病菌菌丝内液泡增多,苹果腐烂病菌菌丝细胞壁增厚,小麦纹枯病菌菌丝中内质网处泡囊增多。     

烟草靶斑病病原学与综合防控手段最新研究进展

烟草靶斑病于2006年在辽宁丹东烟区被发现之后,在我国许多地方都被报导,影响烟叶生产,造成经济损失。本文在国外有关烟草靶斑病的流行条件和防治措施的研究基础上,针对我国烟区靶斑病病原学和综合防治技术方面取得的最新进展,从烟草靶斑病的识别鉴定、病原生物学、发生流行规律与综合防控措施四个方面进行综述,旨在为烟草靶斑病的快速准确识别与高效绿色防控提供指导。