一个测定呼吸速率装置的研究

[目的]为了设计可以测定植物整体或组织、器官呼吸作用的实验装置。[方法]改进LI-6400便携式测定系统的同化室,测定时将植株放入同化室内,通过测定单位时间内同化室内二氧化碳的增加量来定量测量呼吸作用。[结果]通过公式,可以计算整棵植株的呼吸速率。[结论]这个简便的装置可准确地测量整棵植株或组织、器官的呼吸速率。     

Small-scale heterogeneity in carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane production from aggregates of a cultivated sandy-loam soil

Spatial variability in carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) emissions from soil is related to the distribution of microsites where these gases are produced. Porous soil aggregates may possess aerobic and anaerobic microsites, depending on the water content of pores. The purpose of this study was to determine how production of CO₂, N₂O and CH₄ was affected by aggregate size and soil water content. An air-dry sandy loam soil was sieved to generate three aggregate fractions (<0.25 mm, 0.25–2 mm and 2–6 mm) and bulk soil (<2 mm). Aggregate fractions and bulk soil were moistened (60% water-filled pore space, WFPS) and pre-incubated to restore microbial activity, then gradually dried or moistened to 20%, 40%, 60% or 80% WFPS and incubated at 25 °C for 48 h. Soil respiration peaked at 40% WFPS, presumably because this was the optimum level for heterotrophic microorganisms, and at 80% WFPS, which corresponded to the peak N₂O production. More CO₂ was produced by microaggregates (<0.25 mm) than macroaggregate (>0.25 mm) fractions. Incubation of aggregate fractions and soil at 80% WFPS with acetylene (10 Pa and 10 kPa) and without acetylene showed that denitrification was responsible for 95% of N₂O production from microaggregates, while nitrification accounted for 97–99% of the N₂O produced by macroaggregates and bulk soil. This suggests that oxygen (O₂) diffusion into and around microaggregates was constrained, whereas macroaggregates remained aerobic at 80% WFPS. Methane consumption and production were measured in aggregates, reaching 1.1–6.4 ng CH₄–C kg⁻¹ soil h⁻¹ as aggregate fractions and soil became wetter. For the sandy-loam soil studied, we conclude that nitrification in aerobic microsites contributed importantly to total N₂O production, even when the soil water content permitted denitrification and CH₄ production in anaerobic microsites. The relevance of these findings to microbial processes controlling N₂O production at the field scale remains to be confirmed.     

Atmospheric CO2 enrichment and nutrient additions to planted soil increase mineralisation of soil organic matter, but do not alter microbial utilisation of plant- and soil C-sources

Plants link atmospheric and soil carbon pools through CO₂ fixation, carbon translocation, respiration and rhizodeposition. Within soil, microbial communities both mediate carbon-sequestration and return to the atmosphere through respiration. The balance of microbial use of plant-derived and soil organic matter (SOM) carbon sources and the influence of plant-derived inputs on microbial activity are key determinants of soil carbon-balance, but are difficult to quantify. In this study we applied continuous ¹³C-labelling to soil-grown Lolium perenne, imposing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and nutrient additions as experimental treatments. The relative use of plant- and SOM-carbon by microbial communities was quantified by compound-specific ¹³C-analysis of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). An isotopic mass-balance approach was applied to partition the substrate sources to soil respiration (i.e. plant- and SOM-derived), allowing direct quantification of SOM-mineralisation. Increased CO₂ concentration and nutrient amendment each increased plant growth and rhizodeposition, but did not greatly alter microbial substrate use in soil. However, the increased root growth and rhizosphere volume with elevated CO₂ and nutrient amendment resulted in increased rates of SOM-mineralisation per experimental unit. As rhizosphere microbial communities utilise both plant- and SOM C-sources, the results demonstrate that plant-induced priming of SOM-mineralisation can be driven by factors increasing plant growth. That the balance of microbial C-use was not affected on a specific basis may suggest that the treatments did not affect soil C-balance in this study.     

杂交水稻根系生长与呼吸强度的研究

本文报道了对4个杂交组合稻株的根系形态、根重量和体积、根蛋白质含量和呼吸强度所做的研究。结果表明,4个组合的根系生长量(根系重量和体积),杂种均具有超亲优势;抽穗—灌浆期根蛋白质含量和呼吸强度出现一个峰值;杂种根系在长度、直径、侧根及表层根发生上兼有双亲特征;杂种根呼吸强度不具有超亲优势。     

热解温度对生物质炭性质及其在土壤中矿化的影响

以苹果树修剪的枝条为原料,分别在300、400、500、600℃条件下热解制备生物质炭,在采用扫描电镜、红外光谱、物理化学吸附仪等手段研究其性质、结构差异的基础上,通过培养试验研究不同温度制备生物质炭的矿化特征及其对土壤有机碳组分的影响。结果表明,随着热解温度的升高,生物质炭的碳含量、比表面积及碱性官能团的含量增加,O、H及H/C、O/C和酸性官能团、总官能团的含量则降低,生物质炭的芳香族结构加强,稳定性升高。添加生物质炭可以增加土壤呼吸速率、微生物量碳(MBC)及可溶性有机碳(DOC)的含量,且随着添加比例的增加而增加,但随着热解温度的升高而降低。生物质炭的矿化率随着热解温度升高和添加比例增加而降低。利用双库模型揭示了生物质炭对土壤活性碳库、惰性碳库及其分解速率的影响。施用生物质炭后土壤有机碳的半衰期在24.09~44.76 a之间,且随生物质炭制备温度升高而增大。考虑到生物质炭制备过程中有机碳的损失,且从提升土壤有机碳含量方面考虑,500℃为制备苹果枝条生物质炭的最佳温度。     

玉米耐涝机理研究进展

淹水胁迫是玉米生产遭受的主要逆境之一。淹水胁迫使玉米植株气体扩散受阻,叶片细胞膜脂过氧化加剧,MDA含量积累,保护酶系统受损,叶绿体降解,光合速率下降。玉米可通过生理生化机制的调节来适应淹水胁迫,包括玉米植株生长发育、形态结构、解剖结构产生明显变化,在呼吸代谢、光合作用、抗氧化系统和内源激素等方面也发生相应变化。本文从形态学、生理学、生物化学和分子生物学等方面综述玉米耐涝机理研究进展,为玉米耐涝性研究和耐涝玉米新品种选育提供参考。     

Bioavailability of DOC in leachates, soil matrix solutions and soil water extracts from beech forest floors

The biodegradability of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in different fractions from the forest floor was studied. Soil leachate (SL, the soil solution in macropores which is freely drained from forest floor after rainfall), the soil matrix solution (SMS, the soil solution in meso-/micropores of the soil matrix), and soil water extracts (SWE) from two different beech forest floors were compared. Zero-tension and tension lysimeters were used to collect SL and SMS, respectively. Loss of DOC (during 21 days) and respiration of CO₂-C (during 7 days) were used as conventional measures of the availability of DOC. Bacterial production, measured using the leucine incorporation technique, and bacterial growth efficiency were also estimated. All methods were used to study differences in biodegradability between plots with and without ground flora (Deschampsia flexuosa or Anemone nemorosa) and different type of forest floor (with an organic (O) horizon or a mull (A) horizon). There were no differences in bioavailability of DOC from soil solutions extracted from plots with and without ground flora. The bioavailability of DOC in the different collected soil solutions varied, however. DOC in SWE was the most available, with a mean of 39% of DOC-loss in 21 days, and 18% of DOC being respired in 7 days. DOC in soil matrix solution was the least available of the soil solutions (7% respired), significantly less than DOC in soil leachate (11% respired). The methods measuring biodegradation of DOC, DOC-loss and CO₂-C respiration gave similar results and were comparable to bacterial production and bacterial growth efficiency, with the exception of SWE from the O-horizon at the D. flexuosa site, which had low bacterial production and bacterial growth efficiency, indicating a limitation of the bacterial growth. This study is one of the first to use bacterial production and bacterial growth efficiency for measuring bioavailability in terrestrial environments, giving an extra dimension for the process of biodegradation of DOC.     

Tidal effects on net ecosystem exchange of carbon in an estuarine wetland

One year of continuous data from two eddy-flux towers established along an elevation gradient in coastal Shanghai was analyzed to evaluate the tidal effect on carbon flux (F_c) over an estuarine wetland. The measured wavelet spectra and cospectra of F_c and other environmental factors demonstrated that the dynamics of F_c at both sites exhibited a tidal-driven pattern with obvious characteristics at scales between 10 and 20 days (256–512-h). Environmental factors exerted major controls on the carbon balance at finer temporal scales. F_c was more sensitive to tides at the low-elevation site than at the high-elevation site. Overall, the mean nighttime F_c during spring tides was lower than that during neap tides, indicating suppressed ecosystem respiration under inundation. Larger differences were observed at the low-elevation site due to longer inundation durations. In contrast, daytime F_c was more variable since plants reacted differently in different growth periods and under different tidal elevations. The amplitudes of diurnal F_c during tidal periods were larger than those reported for other wetland types, implying a great potential for future carbon sequestration. Whilst tides would also transport organic matter to nearby estuaries and hence may incur carbon emission in the receiving ecosystems. Thus, further study on lateral carbon transport is required to investigate the tidal effect on the carbon sink/source role of the wetland.     

Postharvest application of ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene either before or after curing affects onion (Allium cepa L.) bulb quality during long term cold storage

The storability of onion bulbs is dependent on the incidence and rate of sprout growth. Exogenous ethylene applied continuously has been demonstrated to act as a sprout suppressant in onion. However, the ethylene binding inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), can also suppress sprouting in onion. Given this seemingly contradictory result, the precise role that ethylene plays during onion storage and the effect of curing on its efficacy is not understood.‘Sherpa’ and ‘Wellington’ onion bulbs were treated before or after curing (28 °C for 6 weeks) with a single dose of 10 μL L⁻¹ ethylene or 1 μL L⁻¹ 1-MCP for 24 h at 20 °C, or no treatment (control). Replicated out-turns were sampled during 38 weeks storage at 0–1 °C. Sprout growth (31 weeks after harvest) was reduced in ‘Sherpa’ treated before curing with ethylene or before or after curing with 1-MCP. However, sprout growth of ‘Wellington’ was not affected by any treatment. Following treatment, the cured, thick-skinned ‘Wellington’ released a lower concentration of treatment gas compared with the newly harvested, thin-skinned ‘Sherpa’. Onion bulb respiration rate increased immediately after being treated with ethylene but to a lesser extent or not at all when treated with 1-MCP. Fructose concentrations of onions treated with ethylene or 1-MCP before curing were not significantly different, however, after curing concentrations were about 2-fold higher compared with the control. Mean glucose and sucrose concentrations for both cultivars were higher immediately after being treated before curing with ethylene or 1-MCP than control bulbs. It appears that inhibition of sprout growth can be achieved using just a short 24 h treatment with ethylene or 1-MCP. However, skin thickness or permeability, which is dependent on cultivar and curing, may affect ethylene or 1-MCP influx and therefore efficacy of sprout suppressant action.     

草甘膦对土壤微生物量及呼吸强度的影响

以中国褐土、黄绵土、风沙土和红壤4类土壤共10个土样为材料,较为系统地研究了草甘膦对土壤微生物量、土壤呼吸及代谢墒的影响。结果表明,在碱性土壤中,草甘膦对微生物碳和微生物氮有一定的抑制作用;在酸性土壤中,草甘膦对微生物碳和微生物氮有一定的激活作用。这揭示出土壤性质对草甘膦的毒性有重要影响,特别是pH。草甘膦对土壤呼吸有轻微激活作用,但土壤代谢熵明显增加,不利于土壤微生物的生长,从而影响土壤品质。碱性和酸性土壤受草甘膦轻度和中度污染的临界质量分数分别为43.8和219.2mg/kg及58.2和291.0 mg/kg。